Compare and contrast a well lighted room and A & P Essay

Thoroughly analyze a well lit room and An and P - Essay Example At the point when his supervisor humiliates the young ladies by disclosing to them they can’t come in to the store dressed that way, the storyteller leaves his place of employment in fight, despite the fact that the young ladies don’t see or hear what he has done. In â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,† two servers are shutting everything down eatery and discussing the elderly person who is their last client. The youthful server is cruel to the elderly person, however the more seasoned server thinks he sees how the elderly person feels. After the youthful server gets the elderly person to leave, the more established server considers a supplication where the entirety of the significant words are traded by â€Å"nada,† Spanish for â€Å"nothing,† then goes to a bar. The two stories have two altogether different portrayal styles. In â€Å"A and P,† the portrayal is first-individual, and is from the perspective of the nineteen-year-old agent. It i s in the language and tone that he thinks in, and it is clear and recounts to a particular story. The crowd sees his perspective on the clients, for instance when he commits an error at the register: â€Å"She's one of these sales register-watchers, a witch around fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I realize it filled her heart with joy to trip me up† (Updike). The story is as the storyteller envisions it, which the peruser can envision probably won't be the manner in which things truly occurred.

Controlling Function of Management (theory)

Questions: Pick a chief from any association, benefit or non-benefit. In the wake of completing optional research on the four administrative capacities, (arranging, driving, sorting out and controlling) direct a meeting with a director, inspecting these four regions and how the executives hypothesis looks at to the executives practice. A prologue to these regions ought to contain a review of the job of the director and their separate association/sector.1. PlanningWhat are the principle wellsprings of data that your supervisor utilizes in arranging, do they use models to structure this data? 2. OrganisationGiven todays dubious financial condition, how does your director manage auxiliary change and advancement. 3. LeadingExamine the authority style of your picked chief and how they propel their employees.4. ControllingMake suggestions with regards to how the control procedure can improve the general viability of the organisation.5. PresentationPrepare an introduction laying out the key discoverie s of your report. Introductions will be planned during class time in March/April Answers: Presentation: As expressed by, Moutinho and Huarng (2013) controlling capacity of the board can be talked about as a foundational procedure of checking the exhibition of the specific association. This procedure likewise assists with checking the presentation as per the plans or guidelines. Controlling capacity likewise assists with guaranteeing the ideal results. Consequently, Teece (2010) expressed that, controlling can guarantee the successful usage of different assets of association so as to realize that the accomplishment of the association can accomplish the best possible objective and target. Controlling capacity of the board has two primary purposes. Controlling assists with encouraging co-appointment inside the association. Procedure of controlling likewise assists with drawing plan for the association. 1. Qualities of controlling capacity: Certain qualities of controlling capacities have been expressed by, Jones (2013), those are as per the following: Controlling capacity consistently comes at the absolute last of the procedure after the exhibitions have been made by the association. Controlling capacity has consistently been finished by the directors of all degrees of work inside the association. Controlling capacity consistently looks to the future worries of the association. Controlling capacity can be treated as a unique procedure of the association. Controlling identifies with the activity of arranging. These two are significant and basic components of the executives. Arranging and controlling is identified with one another in the capacity of the board. Procedure of controlling assists with making fruitful arranging process inside the association. 2. Procedure of Controlling: Controlling capacity of the board in this way includes a few stages, those are as per the following: Initial step includes foundation of measures inside the association. Principles can be additionally called as focuses of a specific business association during the hour of business work. Measures or targets ought to be accomplished during the time just as course of the capacity of business (Daniel et al. 2013). Then again, Badenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Fuller andM.Morgan (2010) expressed that, gauges are two sorts, those are substantial or quantifiable norms and elusive or non-quantifiable guidelines. Controlling as an administration work hence assists with building up the gauges or focuses of the business work. By securing the principles or the objectives an association can accomplish the ideal objective of the specific association. By applying measures the capacity of controlling can be rehearsed easily. Then again, ebestov and Nowkov (2013) expressed about estimation of execution as a significant advance of controlling capacity of the association. Procedure of controlling accordingly assists with discovering the downsides of the administration of the specific association. In this way, the estimation of execution can be a troublesome errand for the administration. Substantial norms can be simple for estimating as in light of the fact that unit cost terms of cash are the unmistakable assets. On the other part, estimating the presentation of chiefs has frequently become troublesome undertaking. Execution of supervisors accordingly ought to be estimated by the subjective investigation. Execution of chiefs hence ought to be broke down by the disposition of laborers, resolve and estimation of work, correspondence and the degree of communication with the bosses of the association. Along these lines, Zhou et al. (2012) expressed that, controlling capacity additionally does the correlation of standard and genuine execution of the whole association. Deviation must be recognized by the directors of the association. This is a fundamental assignment of controlling capacity of the association. Then again, Kinal (2013) expressed that, making numerous remedial move is likewise a significant errand of controlling procedure. Consequently, right just as precise measure ought to be taken for the correct deviation. In the wake of securing the remedial measure for the deviation the supervisor likewise should overhaul the objectives so as to guarantee the best possible arrangement for the association. This is the last advance of controlling capacity. Accordingly, remedial estimation assists with practicing the controlling capacity of the administration. 3. Powerful procedure of control inside the association: Daniel et al. (2013) characterized about the kinds of powerful control inside association. Best control ought to be result situated and vital. Compelling control of the board ought to be justifiable. This procedure ought to empower the procedure of control inside each person of the association. The idea of control inside the particular association ought to be done inside the specified time and positive in way. The procedure of control should be goal and positive just as clear and adaptable. 4. Class of control: There are a few sorts of control process, those are talked about as follows: Starter control: It can likewise be examined as feed forward control process. This kind of control process begins before the start of the movement of work. Starter control ensures that all assets are set the best possible way and the assets are likewise accessible for achieving the heading. Post activity control: It can be called as an input control. This kind of control process is done after the fulfillment of an activity. This procedure is engaged upon the outcomes before the finish of the activity. Simultaneous control: This kind of control centers upon the happenings during the procedure of work. It can likewise be called as guiding control. Inner control: Therefore, inside control of an association assists with permitting the procedure of self controlling so as to satisfy and upgrade the desires for the activity. Goals of execution and backing of assets upgrade the chance of discretion. Outer control: This control can be happened through self management. Outer control along these lines happens by utilizing the formal administrative frameworks. 5. Arrangement of hierarchical control: Destinations and methodology of an association control the association. A few approaches, guideline assists with controlling the arrangement of the executives. Then again, choice and preparing procedure of the association additionally looks to control the entire business capacity of the association. Then again, Moutinho and Huarng (2013) expressed that, giving advantages and pay is likewise extremely supportive so as to control the entire capacity of the board. Subsequently, Teece (2010) expressed that, understanding the suggestion of money related estimation of the exhibition of association can be significant control arrangement of an association. Movement based costing is additionally powerful arrangement of hierarchical control of an association. End: Along these lines, the board and control of activity inside a framework includes with buying, venture the executives and measurable quality control of the association. In any case, the procedure of control capacity ought to be done deliberately so as to get wanted outcome. Reference list Books Moutinho, L. what's more, Huarng, K. (2013). Quantitative demonstrating in advertising and the board. Singapore: World Scientific. Daniel, F., Wang, J. also, Weber, B. (2013). Business process the executives. Berlin: Springer. Diaries Badenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ FullerC.andM.Morgan.(2010),BusinessModelsasModels,LongRangePlanning,43(2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3):156à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 171 ebestov, J., and Nowkov, K. (2013). Dynamic technique for feasible business advancement: madness or risk? The Amfiteatru Economic Journal, 15(34), 442-454. Teece,D.(2010)BusinessModels,BusinessStrategyandInnovation,LongRangePlanning43:172à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 194 Zhou, KZ and CB Li (2012), How Knowledge Affects Radical Innovation: Knowledge Base, Market Knowledge Acquisition, and Internal Knowledge Sharing, Strategic Management Journal, 33(9): 1090-1102 Jones, A. (2013). Conceptualizing business mobilities: Towards a diagnostic system. Research in Transportation Business Management, 9, pp.58-66. Kinal, T. (2013). A Recipe For Change: Management Unleashed. Business Strategy Review, 24(4), pp.68-71.

The Link Between Religious Faith and Fear

The Link Between Religious Faith and Fear Phobias Print The Link Between Religious Faith and Fear By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on February 07, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 18, 2020 Digital Vision / Getty Images More in Phobias Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types The link between religion and phobias is strong, but its not well understood. Although a strong religious faith can bring comfort to you if youre suffering, certain phobias appear to have a religious component. These phobias often appear or worsen during a crisis of faith, but they may occur at any time. And they may happen to anyone, regardless of their religious background. Types of Phobias With a Religious Component There are several types of phobias that appear to have a religious component. Some of the most common include: Doomsday Phobias Doomsday phobias can be loosely defined as those phobias that involve the end of the world. They tend to fall into two basic categories: technology phobias and fears of the End Times. Both types of doomsday phobias may be triggered or worsened by religious belief, particularly if you have begun to question your faith. Astrophobia, or fear of space, may be related to doomsday phobias. Death Phobias Death-related fears are extremely common among people of all cultures and religious backgrounds. No matter what your faith, contemplating your own death is generally not a pleasant experience. Thanatophobia, or fear of death, is the most common of these phobias, but many people also fear the symbols of death such as tombstones and ghosts. Mythophobia, or fear of legends, may also be related to the fear of death. Numerical Phobias Different religions assign importance or power to different numbers. Although these beliefs are sometimes dismissed as superstition by modern science, belief in the power of numbers can be extremely strong. Two of the most commonly feared numbers are 13 and 666. Exploring the Connection Between Religion and Phobias Religion does not cause phobias.  Many people draw comfort from rather than fear their religious faith. Additionally, the phobias listed above often occur in those who do not identify themselves as religious.  Instead, it seems that personal religious beliefs may be a small component of a larger picture. As science has not yet conclusively proven what happens after death, fear of the unknown may be the ultimate driver behind the religious component of certain phobias. Treating the Religious Component of Phobias If you feel that religion may play a role in your phobias, a two-pronged approach often works best. It is important to consult with a trained mental health professional, who will treat your phobia from a scientific perspective. Common treatments include talk therapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, and medications. Its also recommended that you seek counseling with your religious leader, particularly if you are undergoing a crisis of faith. He or she can help you explore your beliefs and examine your concerns within the context of your faith. While traditional therapy is action-oriented and focused on removing the fear, religious counseling can help you resolve the underlying conflict.

Essay on Where I Lived and What I Lived for - 608 Words

Henry David Thoreaus Where I lived, and What I Lived For I found Henry David Thoreau?s ?Where I Lived, and What I Lived For? made a very convincing argument. He has many examples to support his beliefs. Thoreau stresses the importance and value of living the simplest life nature affords, which I believe is as important now as it was in his day. ?Where I Lived, and What I Lived For? Opens with Thoreau describing how he came to live in a small, dilapidated cabin near Walden Pond. He speaks of the many farms he imagines owning, yet never does. Thoreau describes the landscape of the pond and the surrounding area. One of the highlights of Thoreau?s simple daily routine is to watch the sun rise and set on the pond. The mornings are†¦show more content†¦I also think, through a lot of the writing, that he makes us out to be robotic go about your day in a monotonous way. And hes pretty much correct in that sense. We all have our own routines that we follow throughout our week that we hate to change. The only thing I didnt understand completely was his talk of trains, sleepers, and people that line the track, or buried under the track. †¦if some have the pleasure of riding on a rail, others have the misfortune to be ridden upon. What I think he is trying to say, due to the time period when this was written (1854), was that there are those who are better off and wealthy enough to ride on the new trains and the new tracks that are traveling all over the country, and there are those who cant afford it, and have to walk or ride their horses to their destination with is more of a hardship in those times compared to a fast comfortable train ride, and those who cant venture into the expanding west and have to stay put in their lives. But I dont know the relationship between this and simplifying your life, so maybe I still do not understand what Thoreau was trying toShow MoreRelated Henry David Thoreaus Where I lived, and What I Lived For Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreaus Where I lived, and What I Lived For I found Henry David Thoreau?s ?Where I Lived, and What I Lived For? made a very convincing argument. He has many examples to support his beliefs. Thoreau stresses the importance and value of living the simplest life nature affords, which I believe is as important now as it was in his day. ?Where I Lived, and What I Lived For? opens with Thoreau describing how he came to live in a small, dilapidated cabin near Walden PondRead More Henry Thoreaus Where I Lived and What I Lived For and E.B. Whites Once More to the Lake991 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Thoreaus Where I Lived and What I Lived For and E.B. Whites Once More to the Lake At first glance, Henry Thoreau’s, Where I Lived and What I Lived For, and E.B. White’s, Once More to the Lake, have nothing in common. After several readings; however, one can interpret that both authors have the same message. Even though Thoreau and White use extremely different styles, they both portray nature as the simplest way of life. Thoreau writes an argumentative essay in the 1800’s trying to persuadeRead MoreAnalysis Of David Henry Thoreau s Poem, Where I Lived And What You Lived For955 Words   |  4 PagesTake a moment and think about what makes you happy on a typical day? More often than not, one would base their happiness on their ability to finish tasks and being able to check â€Å"things† off that have been accomplished. Infrequently, people rarely take the time to reflect on the simple pleasures in life. As expressed in David Henry Thoreau’s essay, â€Å"Where I lived and What I lived For†, humans need to simply their live s. 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In this literature Thoreau argues that people need to simplify their lives and enjoy it. Transcendentalism played a big role back then and is a big deal even today as is it still relevant in our time period. In the literature Where I Lived, and What I Lived For Thoreau argues that we need to simplify our lives and to experience it to the fullest. â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front onlyRead MoreA Simple Life Is A Happy Life896 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Where I Lived, and What I Lived For,† from Walden, the narrator writes about his journey to go live in the woods for two years to learn everything nature has to offer. He encourages readers to follow their own path and live a life of simplicity. Too often people believe that the more materialistic things they have, the better life they will live. 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A Table of Roman Battles - Winners Losers

The Role of Transnational Corporations and NGOs in International Relations Free Essays

The recent increase in the international activities of transnational corporations and nongovernmental organisations has challenged state-centric models of international relations to explain the apparent contribution that non-state actors make to the international political system. NGOs influence the international system by introducing principles into discussions on the legitimacy of states’ behaviour, while TNC capital movement affects states’ policy decisions more directly. Accordingly, one-dimensional state-centric theories are ill-equipped to account for our multi-dimensional world with its various actors and their interests. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Transnational Corporations and NGOs in International Relations or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 50 largest transnational corporations (TNCs) have an annual sales revenue greater than the gross national product of 132 member countries of the United Nations, and many non-governmental human rights advocacy organisations (NGOs) now count their members in the millions while at least 40 UN countries have fewer than a million citizens (Willetts, 2001). The involvement of such large transnational corporations and NGOs in international politics suggests that state-centric models of international relations, which propose states as the primary international actors, are outdated. The aim of this paper is to describe the involvement of TNCs and NGOs in international relations and to show that state-centric models are unable to explain many of the changes in the international political system. The International Activities of NGOs Numerous recent changes in the international system can be traced directly back to NGO activities. In the 1970s Amnesty International led an extensive worldwide campaign against state torture, which culminated in the 1984 signing of the international convention against torture. A second example is a group of NGOs and governments that campaigned for the banning of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of landmines and cluster munitions. This process eventually resulted in theOttawamine ban treaty and the convention on cluster munitions that have now been signed by 160 and 108 countries respectively. A third example involves Child Soldiers International, a group of transnational NGOs that managed to bring about the 2000 UN â€Å"Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict†, currently signed by 129 countries. These three cases, among very many others, demonstrate that transnational NGOs contribute many changes to the international system and that they are, thus, important international actors. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (1971), Richard Mansbach (1976, 1981) and James Rosenau (1990) reached a similar conclusion following extensive quantitative analyses of the amount of NGO involvement in international decisions. Kenneth Waltz, on the other hand, argues that NGOs sometimes do play a role, but that the capabilities and power of states render them so much more significant that the international system can be understood without reference to non-state actors (1979). The most powerful actors determine the structure of the international system and regulate the roles that others can play. States operate to ensure their survival in an insecure international environment, so when â€Å"the crunch comes, states re-make the rules by which other actors operate (Waltz, 1986). Accordingly, almost all countries use torture when they experience a substantial loss of security, employ landmines if no better weapons are available (Evans and Leigh, 2010) and utilise child soldiers if no other option presents itself (Human Rights Watch, 2011). This implies that NGOs can make contributions to international policies, but only to policies that governments are willing to change. Those policies that states are strongly attached to cannot be changed by non-state actors, and will be altered only when those states discover new methods to obtain the same benefits or avert the same threats. This state-centric view captures the foundational elements of the international inter-state security milieu, but cannot account for the international interactions that shape it. NGOs are gradually affecting a shift in the types of policies that states can legitimately and publically adopt without widespread mutiny. Between the 1950s and 1970s, theUnited Statescould persuade most of its citizens that the war inVietnam, with its tens of thousands of American and millions of Asian deaths, was crucial to American in terests. With much lower damage, the majority of Americans quickly opposed their wars inAfghanistanandIraq. Similarly, in 2006 and 2009,Israelreceived a more hostile civil society response to their killing of 1,100 Lebanese and 1,417 Palestinians than it received to the killing of 20,000 Lebanese in the 1980s. Even the Russian conduct inGeorgiain 2008 was more measured than its carpet-bombing of Afghan villages in the 1980s. Similarly, concerned reports of sanctions-related Iranian civilian suffering have already appeared in the European press. It is doubtful that civil society will tolerate thousands of deaths, let alone the hundreds of thousands of sanction-related deaths thatIraqsuffered during the 1990s. Over time, transnational NGOs have contributed to the debate on what can qualify as a security problem and what can pass as an acceptable response to it. By introducing information, norms and the language of rights into international policy debates, their contribution is tangibl e through their influence over those upon whom governments rely to carry out state policies. The International Activities of TNCs Transnational corporations exercise their influence in the international system through the movement of capital from states that curb their profits to states that do not. Accordingly, states tend to conceive of corporate interests as national interests and often implement business-friendly policies without being explicitly pressured (Korten, 1995, Ohmae, 1995, Willetts, 2001). The current reluctance of Europe and theUSto regulate the financial sector stems partly from the fear that large investors will transfer their investments from countries that do regulate to countries that do not. The same dilemma is noticeable in African debates about investors with poor human rights records. For example, while the trade unionists in the South African government opposed Walmart’s investment in the country, they were outvoted by ministers who argued that the country needed the investment. While Andrew Walter argues that academic literature often over-states the case for corporate influenc e, he cites only a few East Asian states as examples of states that manage to resist it successfully (Walter, 1999). A detailed investigation of the question is beyond the scope of this paper, but the prima facie case is certainly strong that corporate capital mobility has affected the contours of the international system. Conclusion While the state-centric model of international relations may have been appropriate to capture the post-world war II international system, it lacks the ability to account for a world where state security has to compete with human rights and financial profits for importance on the international stage. While it is true that states champion security issues, it is also true that NGOs promote human rights and that TNCs advance the goal of financial profit. A one-dimensional world fit for a one-actor theory has given way to a complex world of multiple issues and the multifarious actors that promote them. References Evans, R. Leigh, D. (2010) WikiLeaks Cables: Secret Deal Let Americans Sidestep Cluster Bomb Ban. The Guardian. London. Human Rights Watch (2011) U.S., Don’t Fund Child Soldiers. New York. Keohane, R. O. Nye, J. S. (1971) Transnational Relations and World Politics, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press. Korten, D. (1995) When Corporations Rule the World, San Francisco, Berrett-Koehler. Mansbach, R. W., Ferguson, W. Y. Lampert, D. (1976) The Web of World Politics: Non-State Actors in the Global System, New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Mansbach, R. W. Vasquez, J. A. (1981) In Search of Theory: A New Paradigm for Global Politics, New York, Columbia University Press. Ohmae, K. (1995) The End of the Nation State, New York, Free Press. Rosenau, J. N. (1990) Turbulence in World Politics, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf. Walter, A. (1999) Globalization and policy convergence: the case of direct investment rules. IN HIGGOTT, R. BEILER, A. (Eds.) Non-State Actors in the Global Economy. London, Routledge. Waltz, K. (1979) Theory in International Politics, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley. Waltz, K. (1986) Political Structures† and â€Å"Anarchic Orders and Balances of Power. IN KEOHANE, R. O. (Ed.) Neorealism and its Critics. New York, Columbia University Press. Willetts, P. (2001) Transnational Actors and International Organizations in Global Politics. IN BAYLIS, J. B. SMITH, S. (Eds.) The Globalisation of World Politics. New York, Oxford University Press. How to cite The Role of Transnational Corporations and NGOs in International Relations, Essay examples

Bridging Computer Ethics and Business Ethics MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Bridging Computer Ethics and Business Ethics. Answer: Introduction: Apple Inc. is a U.S. based organization that deals with computers and consumer electronics. The concerned organization have offer free product workshops for the public and programs like Apple Camps and field trips (Apple, 2017). On the other hand, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd is the world's second largest information technology company following Apple Inc (Samsung India, 2017). However, these two companies dealt with same business but the way of communication in the annual report is different from one another. Apple Inc. operates in 20 countries and has more than 500 retail stores; on the other hand, Samsung Electronics hasassembly plants in more than 80 countries (Apple, 2017 and Samsung India, 2017). The electronic device that this company makes is automated music players and offer propelled substances. Apple is liable for offering their premium products like iPhone, iPad, Macintosh, iPod, Apple watch, App store, iTunes, iCloud and customised operating system for their users (Apple, 2017). The major problem in recent times that is considered by Apple is Climate change, due to which they have initiated to use power sources like solar, hydro and wind power. On the other hand, Samsung is focusing more on the recycling of the products and in the year 2010, they are number one company, whose products meet Global Ecolabel standards (Samsung India, 2017). Samsung formulates LCD, PDP, CRT and LED televisions, mobile phones, smartphones, cameras, washing machines and application processors (Samsu ng India, 2017). Samsung have 12,000 engineers and 45,000 employees working for their organization and in India there are only two manufacturing units. The data that is presented in this report are only taken for the sustainable and social report published by Apple Australia and Samsung India. Thus, other details that are not published in the report that they have adopted erroneously or that results in poor business outcomes and thus these details are not included in the report. Moreover, deceiving hones are appeared that is suggested by commonwealth bank and only these points are included in the part of the report. The sustainability report, annual report and CSR report are taken into consideration for preparing this business report for both Apple Australia and Samsung India. The sales, profit earned, CSR activities, vison and mission are also compared to present difference between these two affiliations. Their eke information are uses to draft this report which provides an unlimited information as per as the requirement of this assessment report. Differences between two companies Issues Apple Australia Samsung India Depth Only description of the concept is given and exact initiative taken is absent They detailed about the climate change and carbon emission and footprint Overview of the sustainability management framework that represent their social and economic values along with the details of sustainability management approach and philosophy of the management ideology Apple have avoided over 1 million metric tons of carbon emissions in the past five years. It is also found that among 38,400,000 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions, product usage causes 17% of the emission, 77% is occurred due to Manufacturing. The remaining 4%, 1% and 1%are due to transportation, facilities and recycling products. Samsung on the other hand, initiated Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) and reduce the use of carbon monoxide that is used to formulate Galaxy J2, Galaxy Z3, Banyan (SM-B350E), and Galaxy O5. Past and current statistics is given but the approaches undertaken is not described Climate change is the major concern HR development for the betterment of the future is the major concern Apple is liable for releasing 38,400,000 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions in which their manufacturing department emits the 60% of the total footprint. Thus they have taken initiatives for renewing their raw materials production and electricity used for reducing the amount of carbon emission (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). In context of Samsung India, they have published integrated management process of work environment, which includes Labor Human Rights systems, Health Safety programs for stakeholders and offer education programs for supplier responsibility in which total of 854 employees. Moreover, they also present a three layer preparing framework and job posting programs in order to cultivate centre ability (Samsung Sustainability Report, 2017). Absence of detailed past and present information Removing toxins from the products Following several legislation by Samsung Apple have initiated full material disclosure program in which they have disclosed the composition of every product. Some of the toxins that is used by Apple are Beryllium, Arsenic, Mercury, Lead, Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) and PVC- and- Phthalates in connectors, glass, display glass, mercury-based fluorescent lamps in display, circuit boards and power-cords- and- headphone cables respectively (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Samsung have taken initiatives for implementing Labor Human Rights by Prohibition on Child Labor Preventive Measures and monitors the recruitment process of suppliers twice a year for detecting any breaches. Moreover, they also formulate guidelines for Indian NGO Partners in Change (PIC) and Apprenticeship Training in relationship with Business for Social Responsibility (BSR). These guidelines illustrate Working Hour Compliance, Wages and Benefits, Emergency preparedness program, Safety Control of Dangerous Equipment and others (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). The process for product packaging and protecting environment is absent Reduces use of paper consumption by recycling it Taking initiatives for protecting environment In 2015, all the product packaging are done by recycled paper. Apple also uses wood fiber to minimize the impact paper usage. In the year 2015, the organization was liable for 133,000 metric tons of fiber footprint, which is a reduced amount, compared to previous year. In recent times, their packages also reduced to 20% (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Samsung also recover and recycle electronic wastes through their "Samsung Recycling Direct" program. The risk of chemical leakage is also overcome by MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Past and present initiatives for conserving water and corporate citizen are not compared More concern on water conservation More concern on being corporate citizen Apple takes step for minimizing the water usage by monitoring cooling, landscaping and sanitation processes. This cooling system enables the data centers to reuse water up to 35 times. They have also initiated Supplier Clean Water Program and Supplier Clean Water Program (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Samsung establish global code of conduct that comprises of 17 standards, and 59 activity guides. They have also started offering educational support and training to reinforce the IT competencies, medical support through installing ultrasonic equipment along with initiative for local community development that is to fostering technical manpower and relieving unemployment (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Strengths and weaknesses of approaches to social reporting The strength of the Apples approach in formulating the social report is that they present all the statistical data for the given facts mentioned in the report. Samsungs report contains a detailed outline of the framework that they have developed to maintain their business ethics. The weakness that the Apples report is facing is the lack of presentation and details about their future initiatives. On the other hand, Samsungs report does not contain details of the unethical business practices that they are following. Apple only targets premium users, while, Samsung have their electronic products from low to high ranges so that a huge target market can be obtained. Apple focuses on the reducing their water conservation, carbon and fibre footprints, on the other hand, Samsung majorly focuses on the development of employees and community. The water consumption is lowered every year from 2012and it is reduces to 7161 gallon to 544 gallon. The water is also saved by converting 120,000 square feet of drought-tolerant landscape from grass lawns that leads to the saving of 6 million gallons per year (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Moreover, in global perspective, over 566 million gallons of water is saved due to using 93% renewable energy (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Samsung runs a hotline reporting system for identify the violations of work environment regulations and human rights abuses. Compared to 2014, in the year 2015, Samsung has followed 100% business ethics and take initiative regarding other important aspects like- Emergency preparedness, Occupational injury and illness, Working-hour management, Prohibition of child labor employment, Machine safeguarding, Hazardous substances management, Air emissions and Wastewater/Solid waste management (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Difference in technology The water is also saved by using nonwater-intensive cooling technology that also recycled water and is developed by Apple. This cooling system is liable for reuses water 35 times that further results in 20% water consumption for Australia (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Apart from social activities, Samsung in India have developed technology like ring radiator technology in TV for high-quality sound and wireless 360? audio system, IoT technology in Hub Refrigerator, image engines and low-dose radiation in HS70A Diagnostic Ultrasound System (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Recently they have initiated 4G LTE communications technology for mobile phones and this enables Indians to use jio sim in their mobile phones (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Difference in terms of CSR activity Apple also follows labour and human rights and investigates causes of foreign workers. Apple also took initiatives for employee health and safety and launched Apple Supplier EHS Academy for improving the health if Apples employees (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). They also created job for efficient candidates and created 75 jobs. Apple also improve their gender equality and minorities by employed 32% female, 9% black people and 12% Hispanic employees (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Samsungs education is also for providing technical and innovative study for efficient employees and community. They also build libraries in places like-India, Iraq, Uzbekistan, Bolivia (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). These places have neglected schools and community centers and Samsung has taken initiatives for transforming it to libraries that offer eco-generation program and environmental education for children. They also build technical schools for electronic training in science and donate books in school so that people of India can flourish in education (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Samsung also associated with Red Cross association for charity so that every member of community can lead better life. Samsung also sell up-cycling products, purchase products, participate through personal donation and donate products such as garments through Heartist House (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). ZADEC Principles Apple Australia Samsung India Suggestions Inclusivity Decentralized management system is followed and all stakeholders are valued equally (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Stakeholders, partners, customers and managing authorities are concerned with business related issues (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Exact details regarding stakeholder betterment initiatives can be presented in the report Comparability Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is followed for solving non-budgetary methods. Moreover, estimation of income and COGS on straight line remise is evaluated by FASB (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Compared to Apple, Samsung is using KPI indicators for considering different business issues (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Details of Samsungs KPI indicators and Apples regulations for GAAP can be illustrated more for better knowledge of people Completeness The reports are fulfilled with accurate details and statistical data (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). The social report is well presented with flow diagrams that make viewers to understand the details effectively (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Apart from achievement, business failures are the approaches for overcoming the adversity can also be detailed in these reports Evolution The evolution is witnessed through their products and technology like reduction fir fiber and carbon footprints in developing their products (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Evolution of Samsung is witnessed through their products technology and initiatives for betterment of the employees. The technology is developed by their two production units established in Noida and Gurgaon (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017) The concept and information regarding the upcoming products can also be given so that customers can get aware of their innovation and products Management policies and systems Environmental policies and GAAP policies are followed by Apple (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017) Ecological footprints policies are developed by Samsung in order to obtain control over the business (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Procedures adopted for maintaining Ecological footprints policies and environmental policies should be given by both affiliations Disclosure All the details and their initiatives are disclosed in their annual reports (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Relevant and accurate details of all the taken initiatives are illustrated in their social report (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Details are disclosed. No suggestion in this context. External verification Details in the annual report are audited by Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017) The annual and sustainability report of the Samsung is audited by auditors for checking the relevance of the details (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017) Detailed regarding Australian National Audit Office and audit report should also be present in reports Continuous Improvement Apple is making continuous development in formulating new products and these products line are free from toxins and also follow all other environment regulations (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Unethical practices like copying mobile home arts from other companys details regarding the total amount of carbon footprints and carbon emission are not resent in the social reports (Samsung Sustainability Report., 2017). Past and present strategies should be compared in details so that their progress and improvement can be witnessed Thus, it is found that all the eight factors that is inclusivity, comparability, completeness, evolution, management policies and systems, disclosure, external verification and continuous improvement is followed by Apple but the last principle is not followed by Samsung as they do not present any details regarding their business activities regarding employees and community. Eextents to which the social reports reflect the values of the companies The analysis of the social report for both the organization reveals the fact that all the mire concerned towards their brand recognition and hence they follow all the environmental and governing regulations so that their products will be preferred by communal. It is also found that Apple has initiated the concept of new Apple campus that is the most energy-efficient building and is used by recycling the products of the most energy-efficient building (Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016, 2017). Water conservation is another major initiatives highlighted in their social report. On the other hand, Samsung only highlights the regulation they have developed and the technology they are considering for creating innovation in the future. However, the details regarding their actions regarding the betterment of the employee is not highlighted in the report. Samsung is accused by Apple for copying their 7 patent. Moreover, they also have pay lesser wage to their employees compared to other Smartphone companies, which is not highlighted in the social report (Peng, 2016). Reflection on the groups discussions of these companies I have analyzed both the reports and found that the presentation of Samsungs social report is more informative than Apple. However, more relevant details are present in Apples social report. I also believe that both the company suffers from some business ethics but Apple took necessary steps to overcome their adversity. Taken for instance, employee complained that labor has slept only two or three hours a night during a three month before the release of Samsung Galaxy tablet. On the other hand, controversy regarding Apple is that the working condition of the factor is not god and use of toxins for rearing the mobile hones reaults in severs heath issue in the employees. However, relevant steps for overcoming these issues are taken by both of the companies. Finally, I want to say that since Apple is more concerned about their brand image I believe that they follow all the environmental legislations for developing their products lines. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that Apple Australia is more favourable by customers compared to Samsung India. Apple provides a straightforward perception and information on their ethical business actions while Samsung does not reveal their unethical practices and the damage their unethical proceeding caused in their social report. However, in both the cases, stakeholders and suppliers are valued most while the employees have many objections regarding the business activity. Reference List Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016. (2017).apple.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://images.apple.com/environment/pdf/Apple_Environmental_Responsibility_Report_2016. Apple, Samsung and Sony face child labour claims - BBC News. (2017).BBC News. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35311456 Apple. (2017).Apple (Australia). Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://www.apple.com/au/ Arbore, A., Soscia, I., Bagozzi, R. P. (2014). The role of signaling identity in the adoption of personal technologies.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,15(2), 86. Fiegerman, S. (2017).Supreme Court sides with Samsung in Apple patent case.CNNMoney. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://money.cnn.com/2016/12/06/technology/samsung-apple-supreme-court/ Forbes Welcome. (2017).Forbes.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/bensin/2016/08/22/the-real-cost-of-the-iphone-7-more-foxconn-worker-deaths/#91f924556088 Mohapatra, S. (2013).Case studies in business ethics and Corporate Governance. Pearson Education India. Morrison, J. (2015).Business ethics: New challenges in a globalised world. Palgrave Macmillan. Patrignani, N., Whitehouse, D. (2014, July). Slow Tech: the bridge between computer ethics and business ethics. InIFIP International Conference on Human Choice and Computers(pp. 92-106). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Patrignani, N., Whitehouse, D. (2015). Slow tech: bridging computer ethics and business ethics.Information Technology People,28(4), 775-789. Peng, M. W. (2016).Global business. Cengage learning. Samsung India. (2017).Samsung in. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://www.samsung.com/in/ Samsung Sustainability Report. (2017).amsung.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/sustainability/sustainabilityreports/download/2016/2016-samsung-sustainability-report-eng.pdf Stanwick, P., Stanwick, S. D. (2013).Understanding business ethics. Sage. Walla, P., Schweiger, M. (2017). Samsung Versus Apple: Smartphones and Their Conscious and Non-conscious Affective Impact. InInformation Systems and Neuroscience(pp. 73-82). Springer International Publishing. Why Companies Are Blind to Child Labor. (2017).Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://hbr.org/2016/01/why-companies-are-blind-to-child-labor

The concept of Being by Heidegger

Introduction The concept of Being is as old as being itself. Heidegger, one of the greatest philosophers, attempts to ascertain the meaning of Being. In his work, he employs the term Dasein to explain the existence of being. His argument plays a key role in philosophy as it attempts to pose the question of the meaning of being.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of Being by Heidegger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This ‘question’ forms a fundamental role in formulating Heidegger’s concept of meaning of being. It should be noted that the term ‘question’ is emphasized in Heidegger’s work. This is because he uses it to track the truth of being. Being an ontologist, his work concentrates on replenishing the question of ontology. He argues that this matter has created a huge problem especially to the western philosophers. The problem, according to him, is the question of being. It is however notable that although it appears his argument seems to concentrate on the question of being; he makes a plausible attempt to explain the nature of philosophy. According to him, he views philosophy as an ontological seeking as opposed to ontic. Heidegger’s argument therefore opens up the concept of philosophy to ‘questioning’ in an attempt to understand the meaning of being. He further uses his ‘question’ philosophical approach to describe the existence of being and coming up with the fundamental presuppositions adopted to explain being. This paper will therefore examine the important question of being as articulated in Heidegger’s work. The author of this paper will also revolve around the ontological composition of the world and its contribution to the question of being. The Concept Of ‘Being’ Heidegger’s philosophy of ‘being’ is an ontology that seem to focus on self philosophical con sciousness of man. According to him, the question of being has been neglected and forgotten. He continues to argue that this very question greatly contributed to the works of Plato and Aristotle. This assertion cannot be taken to mean that no other philosopher has questioned the meaning of being since the contribution of the two philosophers. Rather, this assertion has been interpreted to mean that most philosophers have concentrated on exploring the nature of beings and not the ‘being’ itself. According to Heidegger, he maintains that that he is the only philosopher who has attempted to examine the primary question that has been neglected by all other western philosophers. According to his school of thought, he purports that the question of being has been prejudiced and deemed as unnecessary. He therefore comes up with three presuppositions that he believes have contributed to such prejudice and to which he refutes. First, the proposition that ‘Being’ is t he ‘most universal concept’.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He asserts that â€Å"an understanding of Being is contained within our every apprehension of beings.† In his argument, he brings to fore the philosophical arguments by other philosophers such as Aristotle and Hegel hence coming up with the conclusion that the concept of Being is not a universal concept, but rather vague and obscure. This argument attempts to bring out the ontological distinction between Being and beings. The philosophical approach by Thomists and Hegel seem to incline towards the idea that Being and beings should not be unified. This therefore creates an implication that if the two concepts cannot be treated as one, then it would be difficult to define the universality of ‘Being’. Further, it becomes hard to comprehend the terms that govern ‘Being’ as the †˜most universal concept’. Heidegger best approaches this contentious issue by asserting that it is difficult to come up with a precise definition of ‘Being’. According to him, â€Å"The concept of Being cannot be understood as a being, and Being cannot be depicted as predicating beings to it.† The implication created is that the question of being goes beyond logic. This means that it must surpass the normal way of analyzing things. It is not in doubt that most western philosophers have concentrated entirely on beings as opposed to Being. This makes it difficult to rely on their formulations hence making it vital to adopt a different approach. It is also important to note that Heidegger does not render their formulations useless but rather as unreliable. Thirdly, he debates on the notion that being is the self-evident concept. The use of copula (is) regularly in the day to day language in an attempt to discuss beings. It is therefore arguable that most phi losophers seem to comprehend the concept of ‘being’ but nevertheless dismiss it as ‘unintelligible’. From this, it can be inferred that an appeal to the concept of self-evident should be dismissed as a ‘doubtful process’ as it is solely based on one’s analytical features. Based on the above ‘dogmas’ laid down by Heidegger, it is apparent that the question of Being has not been adequately addressed by philosophers and as Heidegger puts it, ‘the meaning of Being is still veiled in darkness.† What then is ‘Being’? From the above argument, it is important to first formulate the question in order to come up with an appropriate answer. This simply means that it would be difficult to rely on any Supreme Being to comprehend the source of Being. The answer should be sought elsewhere. This is because the question of being is constituted in the entities of the Being. The basis of examination therefore lies in t hese very entities that need to be interrogated in order to establish the appropriate answer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of Being by Heidegger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theoretical Observation The existence of Dasein proves to be the underlying principle in Heidegger’s works that describe the concept of ‘Being’. By exploring the existence of Dasien in its actual form and its continued survival in everyday life, Heidegger simplifies the quest to understand the meaning of Being as a whole. In his argument, he refutes the authenticity of the declaration pertaining propositional facts in a bid to understand Being. He views such propositions as being sightless and secluded. Further, he argues that they do not possess any form of truth construed in the logic of ‘agreement’. According to him, it is necessary for Dasein to recognize itself based on its existence a nd the possibility of Being as it is. The possibility of existence is fully dependent on the form assumed by Dasien itself. This means that it is up to the Dasien itself to determine its existence depending on the possibility it has assumed. In essence, the experiences of our everyday life play an integral role to either apprehend or disregard the possibilities that aids our understanding of existence. Another theoretical observation is in regards of Dasien’s existence in a ‘world’. The existence in the ‘world’ is not by choice. According to Heidegger, Dasien’s existence in the world is not out of free will but rather living ‘as it is’. This means that Dasien has to adapt to the things that are attached to the world. Further, the world is special to each Dasien. The Dasien is therefore attached to the world and describes itself in relation to this world. This therefore explains the reason why beings develop a habit of getting ensn ared to the world. In fact, the daily existence results to the Dasien focusing on the current worldly activities hence forgetting to view ‘Being’ as it really is. This leads to the human beings being estranged from their true-selves. How then is the authentic Being exposed to us in order to understand the existence? What decisive entity of Being is revealed in order to unveil the true nature of Being? According to Heidegger, the answers to these questions depend on time or temporality. In his school of thought, he recognizes the importance of time to project the meaning of Being. Each Being emerged from somewhere and after its present existence, it will surely have an end. It is therefore of importance to note that the existence is based on time. Further, our present existence means that we have not fully existed. This therefore defines our Being. However, it should be understood that the everyday occurrence of Being just before death is not conclusive. It is only when we meet the ultimate death that the authentic Being is revealed. He refers to this concept as ‘the ontological possibility.’Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In expanding his idea of Being, he infers that ontology must assume some form of distinction. That is to say that a distinction between something and nothing need to be formulated. Being and time therefore examines the ontological importance that governs Being’s existence. According to Heidegger, consciousness is therefore important as it poses a challenge to humans to live freely in order to live as a whole. In the actual sense, man appears to be bound yet he is exposed to all manner of freedoms. It is for the man to ascertain where he should derive his freedom from. It is also apparent that the phenomenological method is clearly evident in Heidegger’s argument. This is particularly evident in his insistence of being and time. It is for this reason that Heidegger attributes his philosophical success in his work to Edmund Husserl, one of the most successful phenomenologists of all time. Accordingly, his question of Being constitutes an enormous analysis in the phenomen ological custom of Dasien, who in itself seeks being. How then does Heidegger apply the concept of phenomenology to come to his conclusion? The concept of phenomenology is traced to Kant who attempted to differentiate between ‘phenomenon’ and ‘noumenon’. Hegel also applied the concept in assessing the growth of the human spirit whereby he criticized Kant’s philosophy of the two world’s dichotomy. The term was also coined by Husserl to explain his philosophy of ‘eidetic reduction’. It is therefore not a new methodology adopted by Heidegger to explain his own ‘hermeneutic phenomenology’. His methodology lays down the process that merely describes the existence of human beings and their everyday experiences. He attempts to create synchronization in the contradicting terms of existence that result from hermeneutic phenomenology. According to him, he distinguishes his phenomenology from other sciences. This, he attributes to the fact that his phenomenology concentrates more on the superficial resemblance of human society hence approaching the ontology Being as it is. Positive Response To Heidegger’s Argument Based on the above argument, it is important to note that Heidegger’s argument can be said to be tenable. First, his assertion that every Dasien decides his mode of existence can be approached at different levels. It is not in doubt that the definitive certainty existence supersedes intellectual existence. It is therefore personalized and internalized. It is for this reason that it is appropriate to state that man’s existence is based on certain decisions. Failure to make such decisions renders the failure as a decision itself. It therefore becomes important for the temporary nature of life to be emphasized in order to prepare and anticipate our looming death, which is bound to happen at any minute. And how do we define death? While scholars assert that man is conscious of hi s own death, Heidegger’s philosophical argument is that man acquires the meaning of life upon facing the truth of his own transience. This philosophical approach is therefore upheld. In essence, death has been said to be man’s crucial problem. Further, the ontological prominence embedded on temporality is important to reverberate Kant’s argument that the constraint in time is a prerequisite for things to materialize as they are. If the argument is to be approached on the two philosophical arguments, then it would be imperative to say that Heidegger’s argument on temporality acquires an idiosyncratic twist. He disregards the notion of infinite time as one that presents itself at the moment of existence. It can therefore be argued that temporality is a combination of the past, present and future sequences of time that are essentially interlocked. Fundamentally, the question of Being surrounds itself on being and time as proposed by Heidegger. It therefore r emains the basic question in the field of philosophy. Heidegger tackles this question by examining the existence of Dasein. This should not be taken to mean that his focus on Dasien obstructs a clear comprehension of Being. His transcendental methodology that enlightens the priori stipulations on the basis of which Being is viewed as gifted is therefore appreciated. Heidegger also tries to explain the concept of death. It is not in doubt that every Being will cease to exist. He argues that each Being is entitled to his own death. Death cannot be shared with another Being. It is therefore non-relational. The argument tendered by Heidegger is valid in that no one can evade death. The argument therefore creates a very significant concept for the philosophers in an attempt to answer the question for Being. Conclusion The basic work of Heidegger is a contribution to the question of existence of man. His argument has attempted to tackle the question of Being by introducing Dasein. In our discussion above, our Being is determined by the existence of Dasien. Heidegger also challenges his fellow western philosophers to concentrate on the concept of Being, rather than concentrating on the nature of beings. This is because the concept of Being supersedes the nature of beings and should therefore be prioritized. He also formulates a methodology to tackle the question of being. According to his argument, this question of being forms the basis of all other inquiries. Heidegger can therefore be regarded as the ‘builder’ of tradition due to his massive contribution to philosophy through his hermeneutic phenomenology. This essay on The concept of Being by Heidegger was written and submitted by user Everett Cain to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Australia WW1, WW2 essays

Australia WW1, WW2 essays With reference to World War 1 and World War 2, evaluate the extent to which they have been important in shaping Australian Australian society before the "Great War" was a mixed society, consisting of mainly Anglo Saxon and Aboriginal decent. It was mainly made up of primary production and it was very basic, but hard living. There was a strong belief in social and political democracy. Australia was seen as a land, where hard work and equal opportunity could overcome class distributions and enable the individual to gain a rightful place in society. There were many people who struggled to survive in the coutry and some had to move into the cities, but because hard labour was valued, most decided to stay. Australian women weren't the fancy dress and dance party type. They worked hard and often were exploited. Due to this egalitaraianisam there were fewer social classes and barriers which meant that the aristocrats were unpopular. Australia was still very loyal to Britain and saw her as the "Mother Country" which needed help. In 1914 Andrew Fisher announced that Australia would support Britain to "the last man and the last shilling." Ten days later the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) was formed and basically consisted of volunteers under the command of the British commanders. The Australians fought in The Pacific, the Middle East and the Western Front. Australia entered WW1 as a united nation and left, a divided nation, Australia entered WW2 a divided nation and left united nation. WW1 plays a big role in shaping the Australian image both at home and aboard. Both WW1 and WW2 effected the shaping of Australian society so much so that it made us the coutry that we are today. The "Great War", almost bound to happend caused australia great casualties ...

Ikea company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ikea company - Case Study Example Through an integrated marketing communication approach, a consistent message will be delivered to the customers. Being an international company IKEA should adopt a globalised approach however, because of significant impact of culture in furniture industry, localised advertisement approach will be selected. The localisation approach can create consistency problems for IKEA (Wells, Burnett, & Moriarty, 2006). To keep the consistency in message while focusing on localised approach, it will be ensured that message of the ad conveyed through different mediums has significant consistency in its content, positioning of brand and feel of the ad. Therefore, advertisements for all mediums will be developed in consideration to target market, brand positioning etc. To target the diverse customer segments the primary media for IKEA will be Television. TV advertisements can convey the mood and image of the brand to develop an emotional appeal (Belch & Belch, 2003) therefore, TV is the most suitable broadcast media. Secondly, booklets of IKEA’s products can be printed which can be distributed via direct mail to the potential customers. Moreover, these booklets can be also made available at

Advantages Of Learning Abroad And Methods Of Getting Grants Essay

Advantages Of Learning Abroad And Methods Of Getting Grants - Essay Example The reason why I was being offered this once-in-a-lifetime experience was due to my good grades at my local high school. What made this offer even more exciting was that my school would take care of all of my expenses during my time in London. Once I found out, I immediately knew that I would go there if I was allowed to. My parents, especially my father, were very strict and did not like to let me out of their sights at all. To prepare for the inevitable explanation to my parents, I first tried breaking the news to my younger sister. Her response was one of amazement—I could sense that she felt jealous about the tremendous opportunity that I had. She encouraged me to tell our parents as soon as possible so that they would have more time to prepare themselves for it. I concurred with her assessment and decided that I would tell them when I next had the opportunity to speak with them. Later that night, I sat the whole family down in one place and told them of my exciting news. Surprisingly, both of my parents seemed remarkably relaxed about the whole thing. They even offered to give me spending money during my time away! At the sound of this, I felt heartened that this was the right move for me at this stage in my life. When I first arrived at Gatwick Airport in London, I had someone waiting to pick me up, even though I had never personally met them before. Back in Dubai, I was assigned a host family that would take care of me during my stay in London. As it turned out, it was not really a family that I would stay with; an old lady and two dogs ended up looking after me. The first couple of days were quite tough for me both physically and socially. As I came from the heat of Dubai, I was not used to the cold London weather. It was just my bad luck that I had come in winter! Also, the accents of the local people were quite hard to understand, so most of the time I just smiled and nodded at them.

Most Important Digital Device We Own Information Technology Essay

Most Important Digital Device We Own Information Technology Essay The one thing that constant in this world is change. Change happens everywhere. Information technologies and the system are changing day by day. The new technologies are faster, reliable and accurate than the previous time. The scope of Information management system is increasingly becoming wider. In business field, people are giving interest to paper-less and automated work rather than manual work. Recent developments in mobile technologies have produced a new kind of device: Smart phones. Smart phones are, simply, programmable mobile phones, which supports subtle control over the events taking place in the mobile phones. The main characteristics of these Smart phones are their relatively sophisticated sensing capabilities, storage limit and built-in networking, local and remote data transfer, and so on. Can Smart phones be the most reliable, faster and successful in future? people are giving a lot of concerns about the Smart phones. The trend of mobile banking, bill payment and access of internet and so forth are changing. People are choosing mobile phones rather than paying manually to pay the bills and dues. Transferring funds and bills payment can be done by just making confirm over the smart phones. The access to the internet and the supports of the operating system in smart phones is making significantly different in services. The objectives on the reliability and effectiveness of the Smart phones are as follows: The speed and supports on internet access must be faster enough. Fully control mechanism supports with sensing capability, and storage capacity of the phones needs to be higher. User friendly to access the domain of data in real time. It should fully support Data protection and security of the users information. Up to date with the technologies, operating system and updates. Critical analysis: One of the important aspects of the smart phones is data security and privacy of the users information. They are likely to be successful in future but some of the limitations do not leave it to be perfection in future. In past history, there are a lot of examples that the smart phones were hacked by the hacker and the reveal of the information being occurred. These can create serious problem for the users. Another issue is flexible control. As full-fledged computer, smart phones, generally programmable to actively interact with subjects, record, data and communication should be able to send this information back to the users in real time. We can be sure that the development in smart phone technology will improve the way of doing things easier, effective and reliable. The smart phones will replace previously employed methods such as beepers, diaries, and other valuable devices. The connection to the server and the access to the internet need to be secured. Generally, the misuse of data can be harmful to the users, the security of the information and avoiding of unauthorized explore of information have to be minimized. Application: Smart Phones can be said that a combination of cell phones and personal digital assistant (PDA). It facilitates to make telephone calls, but also adds in feature that might find on a personal digital assistant. Some of the key features in smart phones are operating system, software, web access, QWERTY keyboard and messaging. (Cassavoy, 2010) Generally Smartphone based on operating system completely different than normal cell phones. For example BlackBerry Smartphone runs BlackBerry OS, and other devices use Palm OS, Windows Mobile and so on. The another feature, software in Smartphone allows user to do more function than the cell phone like creating, editing Microsoft office document, downloading documents, editing photos and driving direction via GPS, creating playlist of digital tunes. In addition, Smartphone allows accessing the web at higher speed. The addition of Wi-Fi is really a smart feature in Smartphone. The QWERTY keyboard in Smartphone is another attractive feature. User can use keyboard as in his/her own PCs and Laptop. All cell phones can send and receive text message, but what makes a Smartphone apart is its handling of e-mail. It can sync with personal and sometimes, professional e-mail account. (Cassavoy, 2010) The main reason that Smartphone becoming a popular device is because of greater functionality is built-in, Smartphones can do things much more quickly than the normal cell phones and personal digital assistant (PDA) . Some of the benefits of Smartphone are as follows: Stay connected: The main advantage of the having Smartphone is mobile access to the internet using Wi-Fi or cellular network. This also helps to keep the user connected with the social networks. It also provides the internet search engine to get useful information from internet. (Mark, 2010) Keep in touch: Smartphone is helpful in many ways. Users can receive, read and reply email instantly. It helps the users to be in touch. (Mark, 2010) Get organized: Another important feature of the Smartphone is it helps to be organized such as a personal digital assistant does. Powerful memory capacity and High speed processor makes Smartphone equipped with an address, book, calendar, calculator, voice recorder and note pad that helps in users personal and professional life run smoothly. (Mark, 2010) Business: Users are able to work outside of their office with the help of Smartphone. Generally Smartphone have word processing capabilities, spreadsheet and database programs. This will help the users professional business life. (Mark, 2010) Some other advantages are as below: Smartphone can function as personal organisers, with electronic version of diaries, contact list and reminders. (is4profit, 2010) User can enjoy flexible working environment. Its like taking notes, reviewing and editing appointments, contact and important documents, all while users are on the move. (is4profit, 2010) It allows information sharing. More data can be received and transmitted via Smartphone such as e-mail attachments or data files from websites. (is4profit, 2010) The greater functionality; now user can use cameras with immediate snap and send functionality. A remote user can send MMS or share photograph with others immediately. (is4profit, 2010) Faster communication: Web access is quicker in Smartphone than in previous device. It is very easy to access e-mail and information from the internet.(is4profit, 2010) Analysis and Conclusion: The costumers expectation is rising day by day about Smartphone, todays Smartphone user expects a device to not only offer leading hardware and software function, but need to be more customizable than ever before, through availability of downloadable mobile application varieties. (Byrne, 2010) Most cell phone users were pleased with clear voice calls, texting and games before the mobile phones became smart. The users didnt expect availability of 3G/ 4G web, 1 Ghz speed of processors, high definition video, social networking GPS map, higher megapixel cameras, high quality sound, mobile application and high resolution screen. Now most of these features are in Smartphone like iPhone, BlackBerry etc. (MobileBeyond, 2010) Smartphone are important for consumers as well as to IT professionals. The internet world is moving from web 2.0 to web 3.0, the Integration of all the media internet access by mobile device will be grown up. In Appearance, Smartphone are small and environmentally friendly and it is because they require less energy and less raw material consumption. There is high possibility of Smartphone used in information economy by IT professional. (Horton, 2009) The competition is increasing day by day and the people are demanding Smartphone at the lowest price. Companies are fighting for higher market share. So it can be clearly analysed the Smartphone will be the one thing that almost every people will have in future. However, the satisfaction using Smartphone will only improve if mobile companies bring out hardware and software application that perform flawlessly and provide best value and choice. (MobileBeyond, 2010) In conclusion, the advance features, the capabilities of the Smartphone, and the growing demand bring them to one of the popular digital devices almost people will have. Question 2: Evaluate the role of e-commerce and web 2.0 technologies in eBays and Amazons increased popularity? E-commerce is growing rapidly nowadays. The transaction of business and trade are going online rather than manual one. Most of the buyer looks internet at a glance when he/she feels to shop. The internet trend for business or say e-commerce is thus becoming more popular. Ebay and Amazon are becoming one of the frequently used methods in e-commerce trend. These two methods of e-commerce are different in nature but somehow they are similar in dealing business operation. Both of them are using e-commerce and web 2.0 technologies. (CommunicateBetter, 2009) Web 2.0 technology and the e-commerce are very much important for the eBay and Amazon. Before that the difference between the eBay and Amazon also play a vital role in buyers mind. eBay are better option than Amazon for some field where as Amazon also better in some other fields. Generally we can find auction sale on eBay where the price can be bargained among the buyer and seller where as the Amazon is fixed in price of the product it offers. The bargaining option is not available in Amazon. (CommunicateBetter, 2009) Web 2.0 is a trend that promote around using interactive, community-driven sites for information sharing, networking among users. For instance, blogs and wikis along with Digg, Reddit. Customers are now able to interact with the business organization which enhance the companys succession. Now Web 2.0 is removing the dull, static websites in previous time. Customer can play active role, they can interact with the website content and get involved in ways that were not possible in previous time. (CommunicateBetter, 2009) The Role of E- commerce: Web 2.0 feature in e-commerce are the advantageous for Amazon and eBay. This provides free blogging application that can be considered as web 2.0 pioneers and they are free of charge. Another important role is multimedia support, where the rich feature can be incorporated to enhance the customer experience such as Flash and Silverlight. The core of Web 2.0 is social networking, e-commerce host the features such as chat scripts and bulletin boards enhance to create a community environment. (CommunicateBetter, 2009) Revolutionary changes are happening in online environment. New web technologies are giving a better interactive shopping experience on buyers side. With the advancement, Web 2.0 is offering a good perception among the customers. The business has only two options, either they have to meet the growing expectation or they have to lose them to another site. (Fry, 2011) The Web 2.0 supports the high level of interaction on web site and similarly the buyer also expect the same level of interaction when they go shopping online. There has been occurred fundamental changes in measuring, the tracker or say analyst start to measure its effectiveness in terms of time spent on the web rather than just the traditional count of page views. Web pages are relying on AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) technology, this offers to streaming media to serve new content without reloading individual web pages. This changes in web technology is altering the way of online shopping. Almost, none of the customer want to wait for the next page to load after click, they want single-page browsing and checkout process that ultimately saves time, reduces frustration and shopping cart abandonment. (Fry, 2011) In Web 2.0 technology the AJAX technology pulls relevant data forward flawlessly and helps them to smooth, consistent view and interaction. This can also help the customer to select the items frequently viewed, to view user generated reviews, product demonstration, assembling and tagging product with additional keywords. (Fry, 2011) .The web 2.0 is also offering pairing items from different brands and company. For example a buyer can now look to pair up similar items from different brands and sites. Similarly in Amazon, they are also able to help the customer to add their product in wish list and after that they can add to the basket so that the targeted product can be come up with details and can be easily found remaining on the same web page. (Fry, 2011) We cannot neglect the E-commerce aspect while talking about the Amazon and eBay. Not only the web 2.0 is important for the eBay and Amazon but also the role of E-commerce arise equally. The order acquisition, transaction of payment, delivery of the product in internet is the E-commerce. The Amazon seller must use Amazon payments to accept the payment. Amazon collects the payment made by the buyer and deposits it into bank, where as eBay use different payment method to make transaction deal. Such as Pay pal. (Bromley, 2010) Amazon and eBay, both are using Web 2.0 version technology on their sites. eBay provides different photo view of the product as well as the animation of the product feature to attract its customer but in Amazon, only few photos are available to its customer because they want to make sure their customer that they do business in reality for that if the ordered product is different and goes wrong they provide return policy to their customer. (Bromley, 2010) Conclusion: The role of Web 2.0 and E-commerce in Amazon and eBay is very crucial to their succession and popularity. The trend of online business (e-commerce) and latest web technology (web 2.0) is one of the important aspects of the business environment. To survive in global intense competition the business has to cope with the E-commerce and has to prepare online strategy. Hence, the e-commerce and web 2.0 technologies are one of most important reason for the success of Amazon and eBay business.

Analysis of Political, Economic, Legal and Technological Risks in Indonesia

Analysis of Political, Economic, Legal and Technological Risks in Indonesia By Yohanes Randy Anggoro Student ID: 1004536 Instructor: Mr. Bala Subramaniam N. Module Name: International Trade and Management Module Code: ERCBA-209 Word Counts: 2106 Due Date: 7 November 2012 Content Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Brief Introduction to Indonesia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Political Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Economic Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Legal Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Technological Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Introduction Doing or expanding business in Asia nowadays has become a popular trend from companies around the world, many big firms based on Europe and United States of America recently has opened a branch in Asia in order to reach the Asia Market.The main attraction of Asia is the number of population, with approximately 4 million people spread around 5 regions, consist of Northern Asia, Western Asia, South Central Asia, South East Asia, and East Asia (OneWorldNationsOnline, 2012), it is apparent that Asia has become a large growing market that attracts companies around the world. Moreover, other than the large growing market potential it offers, there are other benefits that a firm can get by expanding business in Asia.First of all the labor cost in some less developed Asia Countries, such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, is relatively lower than labor cost in Western Countries, for example, England and United States of America. Secondly, the land cost in Asia, Indonesia in particular is relatively much cheaper than in Western countries. However, despite the benefits that have been mentioned above, there are some risks that need to be known by a firm before deciding to expand business to Asia, Indonesia in particular.The risks itself can be divided by four which are, political risk, economic risk, legal risk, and technological risk. Below, there is an explanation and examination about four of the risks that may arise while expanding business in Indonesia. Brief Introduction to Indonesia Indonesia is a country in South East Asia which consists of approximately 17. 508 islands. The official name of Indonesia is Rep ublic of Indonesia. There are 5 main islands in Indonesia which are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan or Borneo, Sulawesi and Papua.Geographically, Indonesia is placed between Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean as well. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia and is placed in Java Island. The Legal Currency in Indonesia is Indonesia Rupiah. In term of people, Indonesia has approximately 240 million of people with various ethnicities and is the fourth most populated country in the world. The current president of Indonesia is Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Political Risk According to Deresky (2008) Political Risk is government actions or politically motivated events that can affect a firm in the long terms.Furthermore, Kobrin (1979) states that political risk covers possibility of unwanted consequences created by governmental activity that affect international business. Nationalization, Expropriation and Confiscation, Terrorism, and Macro political and Micro political risk are the example of commonly known political risk events. Nationalization is a governmental action to take over a private asset to be owned and operated by the government. Next is Expropriation, Expropriation is a term to define a process of taking away a private property for a public use.The difference between Expropriation and Nationalization may seem a bit vague, but the intentions for both terms are different. Nationalization is a process to take over a private asset by a government in order to make profits. For example is the nationalization of Netherland Enterprises by Indonesia Government after the independence war. On the contrary, Expropriation only takes private property to be used for public, for example, a government takes over a land of a private house to be used for highway because the public needs a highway to support the transportation around that area.The third is Terrorism, Terrorism as defined by Ruby (2002) and Title 22 of US Code is politically motivated action committed in a violent manne r against common people. And the last is Macro political and Micro political risk, Macro political risk is any governmental action that affects all the multinational companies within the country while micro political risk is the governmental actions which only affects some of multinational companies.Moreover, it is important for a firm to know and manage prevention of any political risk that they may encounter while expanding their business, without doing that matters a company may end up having no profits or even loss their assets while going global. In Indonesia, particular political risk events that a firm likely to encounter when expanding their business are expropriation and terrorism. It is because Indonesia is often considered Less Developed Countries. Moreover, based on Marshall, A. and Magnowski, D. 2010) multinational companies need to give attention on Political issues in Asia such as current tension between China and United States over the value of China currency, the de velopment of crisis which is rising in North Korea, and the border issue between Indonesia and Malaysia. Those issues have possibility to affect Political situation in Indonesia. In order to measure the political risk in a country, there are some methods that can be done by multinational companies. The first method is computer modeling; this method is used by American Can’s Primary Risk Investment Screening Matrix.Using this method a company can predict and simulate the political risk that might happen in expansion target country. The Second method is Ranking Systems, with this method; a company can consult with some political risks expert such as AON, who use analysis tools and experience to help minimizing the political risk. The last method is Early Warning Systems, this method emphasizes on watching early signs of political dangers, such as demonstration, act of violence by the citizen, the atmosphere of political situation to predict the possible political risk in the fu ture.Basically, a multinational company can use four actions to manage the political risk. The first possible action is withdrawing their investment on a country which is likely to have a bad political event. The other way is by sharing their equity with local business. Thirdly, a multinational company can keep the subsidiary and host nation be more dependent on the parent firm by controlling input, market, position and staged contribution. Lastly, a company can use the political risk insurance to ensure their safety from political risk.Additionally, Bribery is often practiced in Indonesia Political Environment which in some way makes the Political Situation in Indonesia become unstable. Economic Risk Economic risk refers to the risk from economy sector that may affect multinational companies to gain profit. Economic risk is vary in different countries, however it can be concluded that Economic risk in Less Developed Countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, tend to be higher than in Fully Developed Countries, Britain and United States of America for example.Some common examples for economic risk are the changes in inflation and devaluation of the currency value, foreign investment policies, monetary and fiscal policies. According to A. M Best report the Economic risk in Indonesia is considered moderate due to four factors. Indonesia is ranked as the fourth country with most population in the world, having approximately 240 million people and placed bellow China, India, and United States of America. With that amount of people Indonesia has the opportunity to create a big market for multinational companies.It is also stated that Indonesia’s Economy is considered well balanced in terms of manufacture, service and agriculture. Despite those three terms, Indonesia also has considerable amount of resources such as wood, nickel, gas, oil, textile, and garment in export sector. Nevertheless, Indonesia also has a close trading partnership with Developed C ountries in Asia, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, as well as Developed Country in America, United States of America. Moreover, Indonesia is expected to have economic growth for about 6% in 2012, and 5,9% in 2013 due to healthy domestic investment and consume.The last factor is Indonesia sovereign credit ranking was upgraded to one level below investment grade in 2011. Furthermore, although there are some factors above, Economic Risk in Indonesia is still risky. There are 2 major economic risks that threatening Indonesia’s economy. The first one is the effect of global inflation nowadays. It is worrisome to some extent that the global inflation will badly affect Indonesia economy in the long terms. As a less developed country with highly dependence on export sector, Indonesia is highly vulnerable to be badly affected by the global inflation.Second major risk is the after effect of the global inflation in the future, as the developed countries begin to recover from the global in flation, Indonesia is expected to find difficulties to recover as fast as those developed countries. Additionally, there are four ways that can be done by multinational company to assess economic risk in target country. Multinational company can measure the economic risk by analyzing the country ability to handle its debt. This kind of measurement is often called Quantitative method.Other way is called Qualitative method; this method refers to sending a group of their experts to make a research about one particular country leader and their possible policies in the future. Checklist method is also can be done to asses an economic risk in a country; this method is done using the past events to measure the possibility of economic risks in the future. Nonetheless, a multinational company can use a combination of Qualitative, Quantitative as well as Checklist methods to measure the economic risk.Legal Risk Legal Risk has the same meaning with Regulatory Risk, for Multinational Companies, it refers to potential of losing assets due to some legal or regulatory issues. Legal Risk or Regulatory Risk is often related to the Legal Environment. Legal Environment is the laws that are created and operated by the government to control the business operation. Generally, Legal Environment consists of local laws and legal systems. Local laws usually are varies in different countries, while Legal System is often similar.There are three types of legal systems that are stated by Deresky, H. (2008). It consists of Common Law, Civil Law and Islamic Law. Common Law refers to Old English Law, this kind of law uses the previous cases to determine the punishment for the current cases. In terms of Contract Law for business purposes, Common Law emphasizes on writing the details on the contract to be used as a guide and proof in case of disagreement in the future. The other law is Civil Law. Civil Law is a law that is originated from Roman law and often used in modern western countries.Civ il Law emphasizes the defendant to prove their innocent. In term of Contract Law, Common Law affirms that promises can be enforced without the need to specify the details in the contract. The last type of legal system is Islamic Law, Islamic Law is a law based on Islam Religion, and this kind of law is often used in Islamic Country. Moreover, Indonesia has its own law. Indonesia Law is originally created based on Civil Law and some customization from the Dutch who used to rule Indonesia in the past.Aside from the Legal Environment, there are some other regulatory issues such as, protectionist policies, tax systems and the level of government involvement in the economic and regulatory environment. Indonesia protectionist policies such as tariffs and quotas are vary, and often changed by the government which indicates that government involvement in the regulatory and economic sector is considerably high. Nonetheless, Indonesia charges 25% of the income to be paid for the tax, accordin g to taxrates. cc.This percentage is considered high, compared to Singapore, Indonesia’s neighbor country which taxes foreign corporate for only 17% of the income. Technological Risk Technological Risk is a term that refers to the potential risk to lose assets due to technological sector. Two major issues in technological risk are to protect its own technology to not be copied by its competitors and to provide the capable operator and capable environment to use the technology. Technological risk may be a concern for multinational company in Indonesia; they may find difficulties to find highly skilled employees there.However, labor cost in Indonesia is relatively cheaper compared to labor costs in western countries. Furthermore, it is possible to create a trademark or a copyright for Indonesia. Nevertheless, it must be noticed that there are many counterfeit products in Indonesia, and it seems that Indonesia Government has lack of motivation to capture and punish the producer and the seller of those products as well. Conclusion In the conclusion, Indonesia has offered a great opportunity for Multinational Company to expand their business there.With the constant growing market, cheap cost of labor, and the raw resources, in my opinion, it is promising for multinational company to expand their business to Indonesia. However, the potential risks in Indonesia, especially in Political and Economic sectors must be considered carefully. Nevertheless, if a multinational company manages to overcome the four risks, which are political risk, economic risk, legal risk, technological risk in Indonesia, it is obvious that particular company can gain a lot of profits from Indonesia.Reference List A. M. Best Company, Inc. (2012). AMB Country Risk Report (n. d. ). Available at : www3. ambest. com/ratings/cr/reports/Indonesia. pdf (Accessed on 1 November 2012) Deresky, H (2008), International Management – Managing Across Borders & Cultures, 6th ed, Pearson Internat ional Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall. Kobrin, S. (1979). Political risk: A review and reconsideration. Journal of International Business Studies, 10(1), 67-80. Marshall, A. & Magnowski, D. (2010). Key Political Risks to watch in Asia in 2011. Reuters. online] Available at : http://in. reuters. com/article/2010/12/21/idINIndia-53707220101221 (Accessed on 31 October 2012) One World Nation Online, 2012. World Population by Continents. [online] Available at : http://www. nationsonline. org/oneworld/world_population. htm (Accessed on 31 October 2012) Ruby, C. L. (2002). The definition of terrorism. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2(1), 9-14. TaxRates. cc (2012). Indonesia Tax Rate. [online] Available at : http://www. taxrates. cc/html/indonesia-tax-rates. html (Accessed on 1 November Analysis of Political, Economic, Legal and Technological Risks in Indonesia Analysis of Political, Economic, Legal and Technological Risks in Indonesia By Yohanes Randy Anggoro Student ID: 1004536 Instructor: Mr. Bala Subramaniam N. Module Name: International Trade and Management Module Code: ERCBA-209 Word Counts: 2106 Due Date: 7 November 2012 Content Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Brief Introduction to Indonesia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Political Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Economic Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Legal Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Technological Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Introduction Doing or expanding business in Asia nowadays has become a popular trend from companies around the world, many big firms based on Europe and United States of America recently has opened a branch in Asia in order to reach the Asia Market.The main attraction of Asia is the number of population, with approximately 4 million people spread around 5 regions, consist of Northern Asia, Western Asia, South Central Asia, South East Asia, and East Asia (OneWorldNationsOnline, 2012), it is apparent that Asia has become a large growing market that attracts companies around the world. Moreover, other than the large growing market potential it offers, there are other benefits that a firm can get by expanding business in Asia.First of all the labor cost in some less developed Asia Countries, such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, is relatively lower than labor cost in Western Countries, for example, England and United States of America. Secondly, the land cost in Asia, Indonesia in particular is relatively much cheaper than in Western countries. However, despite the benefits that have been mentioned above, there are some risks that need to be known by a firm before deciding to expand business to Asia, Indonesia in particular.The risks itself can be divided by four which are, political risk, economic risk, legal risk, and technological risk. Below, there is an explanation and examination about four of the risks that may arise while expanding business in Indonesia. Brief Introduction to Indonesia Indonesia is a country in South East Asia which consists of approximately 17. 508 islands. The official name of Indonesia is Rep ublic of Indonesia. There are 5 main islands in Indonesia which are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan or Borneo, Sulawesi and Papua.Geographically, Indonesia is placed between Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean as well. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia and is placed in Java Island. The Legal Currency in Indonesia is Indonesia Rupiah. In term of people, Indonesia has approximately 240 million of people with various ethnicities and is the fourth most populated country in the world. The current president of Indonesia is Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Political Risk According to Deresky (2008) Political Risk is government actions or politically motivated events that can affect a firm in the long terms.Furthermore, Kobrin (1979) states that political risk covers possibility of unwanted consequences created by governmental activity that affect international business. Nationalization, Expropriation and Confiscation, Terrorism, and Macro political and Micro political risk are the example of commonly known political risk events. Nationalization is a governmental action to take over a private asset to be owned and operated by the government. Next is Expropriation, Expropriation is a term to define a process of taking away a private property for a public use.The difference between Expropriation and Nationalization may seem a bit vague, but the intentions for both terms are different. Nationalization is a process to take over a private asset by a government in order to make profits. For example is the nationalization of Netherland Enterprises by Indonesia Government after the independence war. On the contrary, Expropriation only takes private property to be used for public, for example, a government takes over a land of a private house to be used for highway because the public needs a highway to support the transportation around that area.The third is Terrorism, Terrorism as defined by Ruby (2002) and Title 22 of US Code is politically motivated action committed in a violent manne r against common people. And the last is Macro political and Micro political risk, Macro political risk is any governmental action that affects all the multinational companies within the country while micro political risk is the governmental actions which only affects some of multinational companies.Moreover, it is important for a firm to know and manage prevention of any political risk that they may encounter while expanding their business, without doing that matters a company may end up having no profits or even loss their assets while going global. In Indonesia, particular political risk events that a firm likely to encounter when expanding their business are expropriation and terrorism. It is because Indonesia is often considered Less Developed Countries. Moreover, based on Marshall, A. and Magnowski, D. 2010) multinational companies need to give attention on Political issues in Asia such as current tension between China and United States over the value of China currency, the de velopment of crisis which is rising in North Korea, and the border issue between Indonesia and Malaysia. Those issues have possibility to affect Political situation in Indonesia. In order to measure the political risk in a country, there are some methods that can be done by multinational companies. The first method is computer modeling; this method is used by American Can’s Primary Risk Investment Screening Matrix.Using this method a company can predict and simulate the political risk that might happen in expansion target country. The Second method is Ranking Systems, with this method; a company can consult with some political risks expert such as AON, who use analysis tools and experience to help minimizing the political risk. The last method is Early Warning Systems, this method emphasizes on watching early signs of political dangers, such as demonstration, act of violence by the citizen, the atmosphere of political situation to predict the possible political risk in the fu ture.Basically, a multinational company can use four actions to manage the political risk. The first possible action is withdrawing their investment on a country which is likely to have a bad political event. The other way is by sharing their equity with local business. Thirdly, a multinational company can keep the subsidiary and host nation be more dependent on the parent firm by controlling input, market, position and staged contribution. Lastly, a company can use the political risk insurance to ensure their safety from political risk.Additionally, Bribery is often practiced in Indonesia Political Environment which in some way makes the Political Situation in Indonesia become unstable. Economic Risk Economic risk refers to the risk from economy sector that may affect multinational companies to gain profit. Economic risk is vary in different countries, however it can be concluded that Economic risk in Less Developed Countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, tend to be higher than in Fully Developed Countries, Britain and United States of America for example.Some common examples for economic risk are the changes in inflation and devaluation of the currency value, foreign investment policies, monetary and fiscal policies. According to A. M Best report the Economic risk in Indonesia is considered moderate due to four factors. Indonesia is ranked as the fourth country with most population in the world, having approximately 240 million people and placed bellow China, India, and United States of America. With that amount of people Indonesia has the opportunity to create a big market for multinational companies.It is also stated that Indonesia’s Economy is considered well balanced in terms of manufacture, service and agriculture. Despite those three terms, Indonesia also has considerable amount of resources such as wood, nickel, gas, oil, textile, and garment in export sector. Nevertheless, Indonesia also has a close trading partnership with Developed C ountries in Asia, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, as well as Developed Country in America, United States of America. Moreover, Indonesia is expected to have economic growth for about 6% in 2012, and 5,9% in 2013 due to healthy domestic investment and consume.The last factor is Indonesia sovereign credit ranking was upgraded to one level below investment grade in 2011. Furthermore, although there are some factors above, Economic Risk in Indonesia is still risky. There are 2 major economic risks that threatening Indonesia’s economy. The first one is the effect of global inflation nowadays. It is worrisome to some extent that the global inflation will badly affect Indonesia economy in the long terms. As a less developed country with highly dependence on export sector, Indonesia is highly vulnerable to be badly affected by the global inflation.Second major risk is the after effect of the global inflation in the future, as the developed countries begin to recover from the global in flation, Indonesia is expected to find difficulties to recover as fast as those developed countries. Additionally, there are four ways that can be done by multinational company to assess economic risk in target country. Multinational company can measure the economic risk by analyzing the country ability to handle its debt. This kind of measurement is often called Quantitative method.Other way is called Qualitative method; this method refers to sending a group of their experts to make a research about one particular country leader and their possible policies in the future. Checklist method is also can be done to asses an economic risk in a country; this method is done using the past events to measure the possibility of economic risks in the future. Nonetheless, a multinational company can use a combination of Qualitative, Quantitative as well as Checklist methods to measure the economic risk.Legal Risk Legal Risk has the same meaning with Regulatory Risk, for Multinational Companies, it refers to potential of losing assets due to some legal or regulatory issues. Legal Risk or Regulatory Risk is often related to the Legal Environment. Legal Environment is the laws that are created and operated by the government to control the business operation. Generally, Legal Environment consists of local laws and legal systems. Local laws usually are varies in different countries, while Legal System is often similar.There are three types of legal systems that are stated by Deresky, H. (2008). It consists of Common Law, Civil Law and Islamic Law. Common Law refers to Old English Law, this kind of law uses the previous cases to determine the punishment for the current cases. In terms of Contract Law for business purposes, Common Law emphasizes on writing the details on the contract to be used as a guide and proof in case of disagreement in the future. The other law is Civil Law. Civil Law is a law that is originated from Roman law and often used in modern western countries.Civ il Law emphasizes the defendant to prove their innocent. In term of Contract Law, Common Law affirms that promises can be enforced without the need to specify the details in the contract. The last type of legal system is Islamic Law, Islamic Law is a law based on Islam Religion, and this kind of law is often used in Islamic Country. Moreover, Indonesia has its own law. Indonesia Law is originally created based on Civil Law and some customization from the Dutch who used to rule Indonesia in the past.Aside from the Legal Environment, there are some other regulatory issues such as, protectionist policies, tax systems and the level of government involvement in the economic and regulatory environment. Indonesia protectionist policies such as tariffs and quotas are vary, and often changed by the government which indicates that government involvement in the regulatory and economic sector is considerably high. Nonetheless, Indonesia charges 25% of the income to be paid for the tax, accordin g to taxrates. cc.This percentage is considered high, compared to Singapore, Indonesia’s neighbor country which taxes foreign corporate for only 17% of the income. Technological Risk Technological Risk is a term that refers to the potential risk to lose assets due to technological sector. Two major issues in technological risk are to protect its own technology to not be copied by its competitors and to provide the capable operator and capable environment to use the technology. Technological risk may be a concern for multinational company in Indonesia; they may find difficulties to find highly skilled employees there.However, labor cost in Indonesia is relatively cheaper compared to labor costs in western countries. Furthermore, it is possible to create a trademark or a copyright for Indonesia. Nevertheless, it must be noticed that there are many counterfeit products in Indonesia, and it seems that Indonesia Government has lack of motivation to capture and punish the producer and the seller of those products as well. Conclusion In the conclusion, Indonesia has offered a great opportunity for Multinational Company to expand their business there.With the constant growing market, cheap cost of labor, and the raw resources, in my opinion, it is promising for multinational company to expand their business to Indonesia. However, the potential risks in Indonesia, especially in Political and Economic sectors must be considered carefully. Nevertheless, if a multinational company manages to overcome the four risks, which are political risk, economic risk, legal risk, technological risk in Indonesia, it is obvious that particular company can gain a lot of profits from Indonesia.Reference List A. M. Best Company, Inc. (2012). AMB Country Risk Report (n. d. ). Available at : www3. ambest. com/ratings/cr/reports/Indonesia. pdf (Accessed on 1 November 2012) Deresky, H (2008), International Management – Managing Across Borders & Cultures, 6th ed, Pearson Internat ional Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall. Kobrin, S. (1979). Political risk: A review and reconsideration. Journal of International Business Studies, 10(1), 67-80. Marshall, A. & Magnowski, D. (2010). Key Political Risks to watch in Asia in 2011. Reuters. online] Available at : http://in. reuters. com/article/2010/12/21/idINIndia-53707220101221 (Accessed on 31 October 2012) One World Nation Online, 2012. World Population by Continents. [online] Available at : http://www. nationsonline. org/oneworld/world_population. htm (Accessed on 31 October 2012) Ruby, C. L. (2002). The definition of terrorism. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2(1), 9-14. TaxRates. cc (2012). Indonesia Tax Rate. [online] Available at : http://www. taxrates. cc/html/indonesia-tax-rates. html (Accessed on 1 November