Life in the Tundra The Coldest Biome on Earth

The tundra biome is the coldest and one of the largest ecosystems on Earth. It covers about one-fifth of the land on the planet, primarily in the Arctic circle but also in Antarctica as well as a few mountainous regions. To apprehend the conditions of a tundra, you need only look at the origins of its name. The word tundra comes from the Finnish word  tunturia, which means treeless plain. The extremely cold temperatures of the tundra, combined with the lack of precipitation makes for a rather barren landscape. But there are a number of plants and animals that still call this unforgiving ecosystem their home. There are three types of tundra biomes: Arctic tundra, Antarctic tundra, and Alpine tundra. Heres a closer look at each of these ecosystems and the plants and animals that live there. Arctic Tundra The Arctic tundra is found in the far north of the Northern Hemisphere. It circles the North Pole and extends as far south as the northern taiga belt (the beginning of the coniferous forests.) This area is known for its cold and dry conditions.   The average winter  temperature in the Arctic is -34 ° C (-30 ° F), while the average summer temperature is 3-12 ° C (37-54 ° F.) During the summer, the temperatures get just high enough to sustain some plant growth. The growing season usually lasts around 50-60 days. But the annual precipitation of 6-10 inches limits that growth to only the hardiest of plants. The Arctic tundra is characterized by its layer of permafrost or permanently frozen subsoil that contains mostly gravel and nutrient-poor soil. This prevents plants with deep root systems from taking hold. But in the upper layers of soil, around 1,700 types of plants find a way to flourish. The Arctic tundra contains a number of low shrubs and sedges as well as reindeer mosses, liverworts, grasses, lichens, and around 400 types of flowers. There are also a number of animals that call the Arctic tundra home. These include arctic foxes,  lemmings, voles, wolves, caribou, arctic hares, polar bears, squirrels, loons, ravens, salmon, trout, and cod. These animals are adapted to live in the cold, harsh conditions of the tundra, but most hibernate or migrate to survive the brutal Arctic tundra winters. Few if any reptiles and amphibians live in the tundra due to the extremely cold conditions. Antarctic Tundra The Antarctic tundra is often lumped together with the Arctic tundra as conditions are similar. But, as its name suggests, the Antarctic tundra is located in the Southern Hemisphere around the South Pole  and on several Antarctic and subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.   Like the Arctic tundra, the Antarctic tundra is home to a number of lichens, grasses, liverworts, and mosses. But unlike the Arctic tundra, the Antarctic tundra does not have a thriving population of animal species. This is mostly due to the physical isolation of the area. Animals that do make their home in the Antarctic tundra include seals, penguins, rabbits, and albatross.   Alpine Tundra The primary difference between Alpine tundra and the Arctic and Antarctic tundra biomes is its lack of permafrost. Alpine tundra is still a treeless plain, but without the permafrost, this biome has better draining soils that support a wider variety of plant life.   Alpine tundra ecosystems are located on various mountain regions throughout the world at elevations above the tree line. While still very cold, the growing season of the Alpine tundra is around 180 days. Plants that thrive in these conditions include dwarf shrubs, grasses, small-leafed shrubs, and heaths.   Animals that live in the Alpine tundra include  pikas, marmots, mountain goats, sheep, elk, and grouse.

Conflict Theory Vs. Structural Functionalism - 978 Words

Conflict Theory vs. Structural Functionalism, this is like a fight between conservative and liberal. Structural Functionalism is a sociological theory that focuses on the structures of society and their functional significance (positive and negative consequences) for other structures (Ritzer, 2013). In another word, Structural Functionalism focuses on hierarchy, high position in the society. The theory is based on the belief that a person who held a high position like doctor or lawyer should get pay more because they make a lot of contribution to society. While on the other side, Conflict Theory â€Å"explains social structure and changes in it by arguing that actors pursue their interests in conflict with others and according to their resources for social organization† (COLLINS 414) it goes against with pretty much what Structural Functionalism stand for. With Conflict Theory, people in the society should be paid for how much they contributed, it stands for fairness. Conflict theory examines how society is stratified along class, race and ethnicity, gender, and age categories, and how these categories are linked to the unequal distribution of resources. Patterns of social interaction are inherent with benefits for some and deprivations for others. The goal for conflict theory is to understand the conflict between the advantaged and the disadvantaged while also taking action to reduce inequality (Sociology 662). One of the example the shows the conflict between Conflict TheoryShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism Vs. Conflict Theory1349 Words   |  6 PagesFunctionalism vs. Conflict Theory There are four known sociological theories and or theoretical perspective, and they are structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and feminism. These theories explain various aspects of social life through different perspective (OpenStax College 17). 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Essentially, this perspective sees society as comprised of many parts that contribute in unique ways to the operation of the whole society.   The way I explain this to my class is to think of a clock. What makes a clock a clock? First,Read MoreUnderstanding Conflict Through Sociological Perspective Essay5342 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿Understanding Conflict Through Sociological Perspective Table of Contents 1. Acknowledgements 2 2. Table of contents 3 3. Introduction 4 4. Objectives 5 5. Research Methodology 5 6. What is Conflict? 6 7. Works of Karl Marx 9 8. Conflict of interest 12 9. Conflict perspective in sociology 13 10. In classical sociology 14 11. Modern approaches 17 12

Behavior Bank Industry Services Marketing -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is The Particular Relationship That Exists Between The Employee Turnover And Profitability Of The Firm? How Can The Factors That Affect Australia And New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ANZ) And Macquarie Banks? What Is The Particular Relationship Between The Satisfaction Of The Employees And The Organizational Performance In Respect To Profitability? Answers: Introduction In the current business environment, financial institutions like banks are the pivot points in the economy. The major factor that controls the success of a particular organization is the performance of the employees and is regarded as a valuable asset in the hands of the management. Therefore, it can be deduced from the discussed literature that the success of the economy is based upon the success of the vastly growing financial sector and the success of the banks in turn depend on the success of the performance of the employees. This particular study aims to find out the relationship between the employee performance and organizational performance in the banking industry. To understand the relationship between the employee and customer satisfaction and organizational performance in the banking industry, three banks have been selected which are of the names Commonwealth Bank, Macquarie Bank and ANZ bank. The four significant ratios that have been calculated are return on assets, return on equity, employee turnover ratio and profitability margin. These ratios will help in finding out the relationship between the different components of the research, effectively (Montague, Larkin, Burgess, 2016). Problem Statement The problem statement that has been developed in the particular study is that the ascertainment of the relationship between the customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction and organizational performance helps the management of a particular organization to reliably assess and improve the performance of the organization like the banks. This requires the clear understanding of the factors that affect the employee and the customer satisfaction that is essentially linked with the performance of the organization. Therefore, the problem statement that can be developed in regards to this particular study is that ascertainment of the particular components of employee and customer satisfaction affects the organizational performance of the banks (Boersma, 2015). Research aim and research questions The aim of the research that has been tried to achieve in this particular project is as follows: The scrutiny of the relationship between the satisfaction of the employees and the customer satisfaction and the performance of the banking sector in Australia The careful consideration and the evaluation of the major factors that affect satisfaction of the customers and employees The measurement of the performance of the organization on the basis of the ratios like the return on equity, return on assets and the net profit margin and employee turnover ratio Literature Review The literature that has been discussed constitutes of the suggestions and predictions in regards to the researches that have been conducted by the different researchers. The experts state that the elements of job satisfaction and client loyalty do play a major role in the establishment of the operational activities of the banks. It has been evidently found out that, organizations facilitating better working conditions by the employees have essentially resulted in the improvement of the organizational performance. Precisely, happy and satisfied employees deliver work that consists of an optimum degree of quality (Boedker, 2017). The employee turnover indicates the rate at which the employees leave the organizations in comparison with the hiring of the new employees. This leads to the incurrence of higher costs in relation to the human resource departmental activities. Many researches that have been executed indicate that the reasons for employee turnover are emotional stress or work pressure (Gitman, Juchau Flanagan, 2015). The loyalty of the customers also depend on the availability of the customer facilities provided by the banks like the ATM machines, checking of the interest rates provided by the banks and other related services. Losing a particular customer may result in a huge loss by business. Thus, it is the primary duty of the management to retain the already existing base of employees and expanding the base by attracting new customers (Klettner, Clarke Boersma, 2014). The banking organizations put a constant effort to increase the value of the organization and reduce the risk levels by mitigating the undervaluation of the banks in the market. The profitability of an organization or a bank can be computed from the financial disclosures that have been provided in the annual report of the company (Liu, 2015). The success of the organization depends on the integration of a number of key conditions within the company. One of the major key factors have been the employees. The employees are one of the key stakeholders of the organization that retain the capacity to elevate the revenues incurred by the company and in case the conditions are not suitable for the employees may affect the revenues incurred by the organizations. Hence, the profit of the bank or the performance of the organization depends largely on the employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction. Thus, it is very important to analyze the customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction in order to properly ascertain the profitability of a firm (Liu, Cutcher Grant, 2017). The performance of the banks can be analyzed with the help of the significant ratios like the return on assets, return on equity, employee turnover ratio and profitability margin of the banks (Frijters, 2015). Methodology The methodology that has been undertaken in order to research and analyze the required relationship between the mentioned elements is secondary data. Secondary published data has been considered in order to reflect the correlation between the satisfaction of the employees and the financial performance of the organizations. The financial performance of the three selected banks namely, Commonwealth Bank, ANZ Bank and Macquarie Bank have been examined in regards to the five years from 2012 to 2016 (Static.macquarie.com., 2018). Data Collection The data has been collected from the annual reports of the banks from the year of 2012 to 2016. The financial accounting disclosures provided in the accounting statements have helped in arriving at the desired results. (Commbank.com.au., 2018) Data Analysis The analysis has been conducted with the particular approach that the results obtained from the computations deduce the particular condition of the relationship between the different elements of customer behavior and customer loyalty and organizational performance. The secondary data that has been collected, has been used for the purpose of arriving at the required conclusion. (Shareholder.anz.com., 2018) Findings and analysis Financial Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Commonwealth Bank of Australia Return on Assets 1.02 1.04 1.12 1.09 1.02 Return on Equity 18.68% 18.05% 18.41% 17.90% 16.38% Full time equivalent employee 44844 44969 44329 45948 45129 Change in Employee turnover -2.02% 0.28% -1.42% 3.65% -1.78% ANZ Return on Assets 0.91 0.93 0.99 0.9 0.63 Return on Equity 14.61 14.75 15.62 14.19 9.92 Full time equivalent employee 46554 50152 50328 49866 48239 Change in Employee turnover -7.44% 7.73% 0.35% -0.92% -3.26% Macquarie Bank Return on Assets 0.47 0.56 0.83 0.94 1.07 Return on Equity 6.46 7.53 11.09 12.67 14.22 Full time equivalent employee 12056 11678 12300 13897 13431 Change in Employee turnover 4.34% -3.14% 5.33% 12.98% -3.35% Commonwealth Bank of Australia Financial Year Employee turnover ratio(X) ROA(Y) ROE(Z) 2012 -2.02% 1.02 18.68% 2013 0.28% 1.04 18.05% 2014 -1.42% 1.12 18.41% 2015 3.65% 1.09 17.90% 2016 -1.78% 1.02 16.38% ANZ Financial Year Employee turnover ratio(X) ROA(Y) ROE(Z) 2012 -7.44% 0.91 14.61 2013 7.73% 0.93 14.75 2014 0.35% 0.99 15.62 2015 -0.92% 0.9 14.19 2016 -3.26% 0.63 9.92 Macquarie Bank Financial Year Employee turnover ratio(X) ROA(Y) ROE(Z) 2012 4.34% 0.47 6.46 2013 -3.14% 0.56 7.53 2014 5.33% 0.83 11.09 2015 12.98% 0.94 12.67 2016 -3.35% 1.07 14.22 Correlation = employee turn over and profitability (ROA) Correlation = employee turn over and profitability (ROE) Commonwealth Bank of Australia 0.395538013 0.050583577 ANZ 0.311716614 0.286727495 Macquarie Bank 0.118272642 0.137072014 r = 01 As it can be concluded from the above table the correlation between the employee turnover ratio and profitability for the three selected banks show that all the banks have a positive correlation. However, it should be noted here that the value for a particular correlation to be significant, the value must be greater than 0.5. In case of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, the correlation shows a significant value of 0.050583577. This means that the relation between the employee turnover and profitability in Commonwealth Bank of Australia is highly influential and the increase in the employee turnover will affect the profitability of the firm by a higher degree. Thus, the above obtained values reflect that the correlation between the employee turnover and profitability that depends on the ROA and ROE in all the banks, is positive. However, the impact is not significant enough in case of the ANZ bank and the Macquarie Bank. Mean, median and mode Employee Turnover ROA ROE Mean 35581.33333 0.901333 14.032 Standard Error 4359.547556 0.051213 0.994871229 Median 44969 0.94 14.61 Mode 63744.33333 1.02 15.766 Standard Deviation 16884.45508 0.198346 3.853119701 Sample Variance 285084823.4 0.039341 14.84653143 Kurtosis -1.601295797 0.407656 -0.38180704 Skewness -0.745164383 -1.17873 -0.694359159 Range 38650 0.65 12.22 Minimum 11678 0.47 6.46 Maximum 50328 1.12 18.68 Sum 533720 13.52 210.48 Count 15 15 15 From the above table, it is evident that the mean for the employee turnover is 35581.333333 whereas the mean for the ROA and ROE has been 0.90133 and 14.032 respectively. The median for the employee turnover has been a satisfactory vale of 44969 while that of the ROA and ROE has been 0.94 and 14.61 respectively. This indicates the fact that these are the values that appear at the trend centers and can be utilized to evaluate and measure the trend of the particular data set. Similarly, the mode of the employee turnover as well as the ROA and ROE signify that the obtained values appear with the highest frequency in the generated data set. Therefore, such a value can be reliably used for the further estimations. Discussion The particular hypothesis that can be developed from the above findings and conclusions is that the change in the employee turnover though has a positive correlation with the profitability of the bank there is no significant change in the variables except Commonwealth Bank of Australia. In case of Commonwealth Bank of Australia, the employee turnover has a high degree of influence over the profitability of the firm. H1: The employee turnover ratio and the profitability of the bank are positively correlated but such a change is not significant except in the case of CBA Conclusion The conclusion that has been obtained from the above conducted research is that the relationship between the employee turnover and performance of the operations though has a positive correlation does not imply a significant effect except in the case of CBA. Thus, the intended conclusions have not been arrived at. This may be due to a number of limitations that the research may be subjected to. The data that has been collected belongs to the five financial years from 2012 to 2016. A longer range of data collected and analyzed would have given more conclusive results. Moreover, the data results reflect the outcomes across the three selected banks. Therefore, in order to obtain a more reliable and effective results the elimination of the limitations of the research is necessary. References Boedker, C., Meagher, K., Vidgen, R., Cogin, J., Mouritsen, J. (2017). Doing more with less: productivity or starvation? The Intellectual Asset Health Check. Public Money Management, 37(1), 31-38. Boersma, M. (2015). How Does Sustainable Banking Add Up?. Commbank.com.au. (2018) https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/shareholders/pdfs/annual-reports/2012_Commonwealth_Bank_Annual_Report.pdf Commbank.com.au. (2018) https://www.commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/aboutus/shareholders/pdfs/annual-reports/2014-annual-report-website.pdf Commbank.com.au.https://www.commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/aboutus/shareholders/pdfs/2016asx/2016_Annual_Report_to_Shareholders_15_August_2016.pdf Daly, A., Gebremedhin, T. A. (2015). Can An Indigenous Employment Program Work? A Case Study of National Australia Bank. Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 34(3), 128-138. Docherty, P., Bird, R., Henckel, T., Menzies, G. D. (2016). Australian prudential regulation before and after the global financial crisis. Frijters, P., Johnston, D. W., Shields, M. A., Sinha, K. (2015). A lifecycle perspective of stock market performance and wellbeing. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 112, 237-250. Gitman, L. J., Juchau, R., Flanagan, J. (2015). Principles of managerial finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Klettner, A., Clarke, T., Boersma, M. (2014). The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(1), 145-165. Liu, H. (2015). Constructing the GFC: Australian banking leaders during the financial crisis. Leadership, 11(4), 424-450. Liu, H., Cutcher, L., Grant, D. (2017). Authentic leadership in context: An analysis of banking CEO narratives during the global financial crisis. human relations, 70(6), 694-724. Montague, A., Larkin, R., Burgess, J. (2016). Where was HRM? The crisis of public confidence in Australia's banks. Asia Pacific Human Resource Management and Organisational Effectiveness: Impacts on Practice, 67. Pagan, A., Wilcox, D. (2015). External ReviewReserve Bank of Australia Economic Group Forecasts and Analysis. report to the Reserve Bank of Australia. Shareholder.anz.com. (2018) from https://shareholder.anz.com/sites/default/files/anz_-_annual_report_2016.pdf Shareholder.anz.com. (2018), from https://shareholder.anz.com/sites/default/files/2012AnnualReport.pdf Shareholder.anz.com., (2018). from https://shareholder.anz.com/sites/default/files/2014-ANZ-Annual-Report.pdf Static.macquarie.com. (2018), from https://static.macquarie.com/dafiles/Internet/mgl/global/shared/about/investors/results/2016/Macquarie_Bank_FY16_Annual_Report.pdf?v=3 Static.macquarie.com. (2018), from https://static.macquarie.com/dafiles/Internet/mgl/global/shared/about/investors/reports/fy12-mbl-annual-report.pdf?v=4 Static.macquarie.com. (2018), from https://static.macquarie.com/dafiles/Internet/mgl/global/shared/about/investors/reports/fy14-mgl-annual-financial-report.pdf?v=6 Thaichon, P., Quach, S., Bavalur, A. S., Nair, M. (2017). Managing Customer Switching Behavior in the Banking Industry. Services Marketing Quarterly, 38(3), 142-154. Tucker, M. (2017). Student Banking Behaviour in Australia: A Mixed Methods Study of Muslims and Non-Muslims (Doctoral dissertation, Swinburne University Australia 2017). Tucker, M., Jubb, C. (2017). Bank and product selection-an Australian student perspective. International Journal of Bank Marketing, (just-accepted), 00-00. Yu, P., Van Luu, B. (2016). Bank performance and executive pay: tournament or teamwork. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 47(3), 607

Mri Tragic Accident free essay sample

Michael Colombini underwent a routine imaging procedure that was performed at Westchester Medical Center; where earlier in the week Michael underwent brain surgery to remove the benign tumor that was found in his brain. The scheduled MRI was considered a routine post-operative procedure to find out how Michael was recovering after surgery. While Michael was sedated on the MRI table the anesthesiologist assisting realized that Michael has low saturated levels of oxygen. The anesthesiologist then requested a new tank of oxygen to replace the malfunctioning one attached to Michael. A nurse then brought in the oxygen tank, handing it to the anesthesiologist who asked for it. While the oxygen tank exchanged hands; the strong magnetic force of the MRI machine forcefully pulled the heavy metal tank directly into the scanning machine striking him in the head and causing Michael’s death a couple of days later. It was stated that Michael Colombini was heavily sedated when this terrible accident occurred at Westchester Medical Center. We will write a custom essay sample on Mri Tragic Accident or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The area where Michael was being examined was not thoroughly analyzed to prevent such tragic accident from happening. After all this occurred the family of Michael Colombini held services for him at the Temple Israel of Northern Westchester. There were hundreds of mourners who attended and accompanied the family in their heartbreaking loss. After the initial service, the family held a private burial service for close friends and family, where they could mourn the loss of their precious loved one. Preventing Accidents Within any tragic situation that occurs in the medical field, there are repercussions that can affect anyone involved. With this being said, there are ways to prevent these tragic accidents from occurring time and time again. In the Colombini case study there are some things that could have been handled differently. First, the hospital should have made it a policy to have recurring safety meetings at least once a month in order to maintain basic knowledge of the hazards of the magnetic force of the MRI machines. It is important for medical staff to be aware of all their surroundings when conducting these delicate imaging exams. During these potential safety meetings there should be discussions of basic dangers that surround the imaging exam rooms and how they can be prevented. In this case, the nurse that brought in the metal oxygen tank into Michael’s exam room had never had any training on MRI safety. Another thing that could have been done differently is putting up signs that acknowledge the hazards of the physically powerful magnet within the MRI machine. These awareness signs should have been posted outside the exam rooms to help medical staff understand the dangers of bringing metal objects into the exam areas. Awareness and safety protocol are an important factor in saving patients lives and keeping them safe from any harm in the MRI exam rooms. Learning Experience After studying the case of patient Michael Colombini there is a lot of insight as far as MRI safety and understanding protocols within testing areas. One of the goals that the author of the paper is pursuing in to eventually become a certified MRI technologist and this article has brought awareness on how to deal with certain situations that arise with this line of work. Understanding the importance of safety protocol is a crucial component in being a successful MRI technologist in the near future. The author of this paper has gained knowledge of how strong the force and magnetic field of an MRI machine can be; also understanding that insufficient familiarity and improper use of these large imaging machines can easily take someone’s life with one simple mistake that is overlooked. In this specific case there were doctrines and ethics that were involved that caused issues both the hospital and the victims of this tragedy. There as obvious negligence on behalf of technicians, nurses and other hospital employees that were involved; therefore there was breach of care, cause of injury due to the technician’s negligence, and injury that occurred to the unconscious patient. A life was lost in this case therefore a malpractice lawsuit was made and Westchester Medical Center did take full responsibility for the incident. Doctrine of respondent s uperior was sent into motion in Colombini’s case since the facility was held responsible for the negligent acts by their own employees. Thoughts The author of this report feels that there are many situations that can impact an individual and offer insight as to what happened. In the case of patient Michael Colombini the author cannot directly relate to the situation since they were not technically involved; but there is some level of compassion considering they do have a young child at home. Losing a loved one, especially a child can impact someone forever. There is a lot of sadness and heartbreak with the Colombini family and although a settlement was made, it will never bring their precious loved one back. References Parelli, R. J. (2009). Medicolegal Issues for Diagnostic Imaging Professionals (4th ed. ). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor amp; Francis Group. Chen, D. W. (2001). Small Town Reels from Boys M. R. I. Death. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2001/08/01/nyregion/small-town-reels-from-boy-s-mri-death. html   Patient Safety amp; Quality Healthcare. (2011). MRI Safety 10 Years Later: What can we learn from the accident that killed Michael Colombini? Retrieved from http://www. psqh. com/component/content/article/137-november-december-2011/992-mri-safety-10-years-later. html

Chesty Puller Essays

Chesty Puller Essays Chesty Puller Essay Chesty Puller Essay Lewis B. â€Å"Chesty† Puller By: Jeffrey Edinger militarywisdom. net/page7. html http://articles. dailypress. com/keyword/chesty-puller http://militarytimes. com/citations-medals-awards/recipient. php? recipientid=5665 http://militarytimes. com/citations-medals-awards/recipient. php? recipientid=5665 http://militaryhistory. about. com/od/WorldWarIILeaders/p/World-War-Ii-Korean-War-Lieutenant-General-Lewis-Chesty-Puller. htm tricitymarines. com/puller. htm military. com/Content/MoreContent? file=ML_puller_bkp ampuslibertyalliance. com/blog/21-american-hero-and-us-marine-chesty-puller semperfidelisnoah. com/TheFewTheProud. htm [pic] Lewis Burwell Puller was born on June 26th, 1898. He was born in West Point, Virginia, to his mother Martha and his father Matthew Puller. Lewis grew up listening to old Civil War Veterans talk about the military because his father died when he was only ten years old. He soon wanted to join the United States Army in 1916 , but could not because he was too young and his mother would not sign him off. A year later he began to attend Virginia Military Institute, but left a year after enlisting in the institute. Lewis left because he went to enlist in the United States Marine Corps in Paris Islands, South Carolina. Although, Lewis joined the Marines towards the end of World War I, he did not attend in any battle. Soon after graduating boot camp he soon attended Officer Candidates School (OCS), in Quantico, Virginia. After, graduating OCS on June 16th, 1919, Lewis was given the ranking of Second Lieutenant in the Reserves. The amount of soldiers in the force reduced from 73,000 men to 1,100 men. After being inactive for ten days, every soldier that was inactive was given the ranking of Corporal. When Lewis was a Corporal he was ordered to serve in the Gendarmerie dHaiti as a lieutenant. He was involved in forty encounters in Haiti. He tried to regain his office rank twice, but in 1922 he was appointed to the helper of Major Alexander Vandegrift . Lewis Puller soon returned home, to the United States and was appointed the ranking of Second Lieutenant. In these first years of the marines Lewis was acquired his nick name Chesty because of his perfect body structure. This means he had a iron chest and that he was a extremely strong man. He was assigned some jobs to do in Norfolk, Virginia, at the Marine Barracks and at the Basic school, and the 10th Marine Artillery Regiment in Quantico, Virginia. Then in July of 1926 Chesty, was assigned to the Marine barracks in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Two years later Chesty was assigned to the Marine Barracks in San Diego, California. In that year Puller was assigned to the Nicaraguan National card. This is were he received his first Navy Cross Award, for his actions between February and August of 1930. First Lieutenant Puller, successfully led his forces into five successful battles against superior numbers of armed bandit forces. They killed nine men and wounded a great amount of them. Despite the danger of losing his life he dished out these five successful attacks on the bandit forces. That’s how Lewis Burwell Puller received his first Navy Cross. He returned home to the United States in July 1931 and completed a year-long Company Officers Course at Fort Benning, Georgia. Soon after returning to Nicaragua in September of 1932, Chesty received yet another Navy Cross. Chesty and his men penetrated the isolated mountains of bandit territory for a distance of eighty to one hundred miles north of Jinotega, his nearest base. They were ambushed on the 26th of September, 1932. This happened at Mount Kilambe by a rebel force of one hundred fifty men in a well-prepared position armed with more than seven automatic weapons and various classes of small arms and extra ammunition. Early in the combat, Gunnery Sergeant Lee, the Second in Command was seriously wounded and reported as dead. The patrol behind Puller was shot down in a flash. Puller ordered his men to shoot at the direction where the gun fire was coming from. They branched off to higher ground and killed many rebel soldiers and the battle was a victory for Puller and his men. Therefore by his courageous and determined actions, Lewis Burwell Puller obtained his second Navy Cross. Lewis Puller once again, returned home to the United States in August of 1941. After being on short leave he was stationed in New River, North Carolina. Chesty was give command of the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines of the 1st Marine Division. This means they are the first group of marines out of seven, in the First Marine Division. Early in the Pacific theater, the 7th Marines formed the strongest and smartest people of the newly created 3rd Marine Brigade and arrived to defend Samoa on May 8, 1942. Later, they were redeployed from the brigade and on September 4, 1942, they left Samoa and rejoined the 1st Division at Guadalcanal on September 18, 1942. Early after arriving in Guadalcanal Major Puller led his battalion into heavy action, this was not a wise choice for who ever made the order. Pullers swift thinking saved three of his companies from total devastation. In the action, these companies were surrounded and cut off by a larger Japanese force. Puller ran to the shore, signaled the USS Monssen, a US navy destroyer, and then directed the destroyer to provide fire support while landing crew rescued his Marines from their dangerous position. For his actions, he was awarded the Bronze Star. The Bronze Star is a United States Armed Forces individual military medal that may be awarded for bravery, and acts of merit. As a medal it is awarded for merit, and with the V for valor device it is awarded for heroism. It is the fourth-highest combat award of the U. S. Armed Forces and the ninth highest military award (including both combat and non-combat awards) in the order of precedence of the United States military decorations. Officers from the other federal uniformed services are also eligible to receive the award if they are or detailed to serve with a service branch of the armed forces. Later on Guadalcanal, Puller was awarded his third Navy Cross, in what was later known as the Battle for Henderson Field. Lewis Puller, commanded 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, which was the only American unit defending the airfield against a strong Japanese force. In this fight we only suffered around 70 casualties, and the strong Japanese force had over 1,400 killed. Major Lewis B. Puller and his small battalion held their own against a humongous Japanese force. Major Lewis Puller was then made executive officer of the 7th Marine Regiment. While serving at Cape Gloucester, Puller was awarded his fourth Navy Cross for overall performance of duty between December 26, 1943 and January 19, 1944. While, under heavy machine gun and mortar fire, Puller cleverly organized the battalion and a successful attack against a heavily armed Japanese defensive positions. He was promoted to colonel on February 1, 1944, and by the end of the month had been made commander of the 1st Marine Regiment. Colonel Puller, would lead the 1st Marines into the protracted battle on Peleliu, one of the bloodiest battles in Marine history during October 1944, action where he was awarded his first Legion of Merit. After the war, he was made Director of the 8th Reserve District at New Orleans. During the beginning of the Korean War, Puller was once again assigned as commander of the 1st Marine Regiment, with which he made a landing at Inchon on September 15, 1950, earning his Silver Star. For leadership from September 15 to November 2, he was awarded his second Legion of Merit. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross from the Army for action from November 29 to December 5, 1950 and his fifth Navy Cross for action during December 5–10 at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. In January 1951, Puller was promoted to brigadier general and was assigned duty as assistant division commander of the 1st Marine Division. On February 24, however, his superior, Major General O. P. Smith, was transferred to command X Corps when its Army commander. Smith’s temporary transfer left Puller in command of his beloved 1st Marine Division. He would serve as ADC until he completed his tour of duty and left for the United States on May 20, 1951. General Puller received promotions to major general and lieutenant general, and served in various commands until he suffered a stroke from high blood pressure and retired in 1955.

Five Ways to Meet Deadline When Life Gets Crazy-Busy

Five Ways to Meet Deadline When Life Gets Crazy-Busy Whether penning a novel, a blogpost, or a magazine article, most writers work on deadline. But even with a due date, it’s easy to focus on life’s more pressing matters. After twenty years as a working scribe, I’ve discovered a few tricks to keep my productivity on track. 1. Schedule an appointment If we were in an actual office meeting, we would not be answering the phone, replying to e-mails, or folding laundry. We can use that same mindset to stay focused while working from home. Each day, set aside a specific time for writing. Block that time on the calendar as if it is for an important meeting, and allow no interruptions. 2. Maintain a Detailed Goal List Corporate employees are expected to write goals and report progress. We can follow that same strategy. First, we need to create a list of goals, assigning each to be completed   Ã‚     Week   Ã‚     Month   Ã‚     Quarter   Ã‚     Year Then we must don our †boss† hat and hold our â€Å"employee† accountable. It helps to keep a Daily List, too. Each night, select specific tasks to be accomplished 3. Find an Accountability Partner Teamwork! It’s very important to build a relationship with at least one trusted writing partner. Share monthly goals, set regular check-in times, and press for the best from one another. For those who don’t have such an acquaintance, consider joining organizations such as Romance Writers of America, American Christian Fiction Writers, Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators, etc. Many communities offer an arts council or writers organization, and libraries may host events, too. National Novel Writing Month is another excellent source of encouragement, with perks such as local Meet-Ups, daily wordcount check-ins, and more. 4. Go High-Tech Many online tools can boost productivity. For example, a service called Focusmate allows users to share a virtual cubicle of sorts. Each user schedules a 50-minute session during which assigned partners work quietly while they can see one another onscreen. Calendar apps can save time Brainwave apps use binaural beats to increase focus, attention, and productivity. Basically, users tune in to an online station, listen to specifically formulated music, and voila! The choices are endless, so it’s best to search â€Å"brainwave app† on the selected device and find the best fit. Voice dictation apps allow us to turn speech to text. This maximizes time spent in carpool lines, and it frees us from our desks. Google and Apple each offer a free and reliable voice-to-text service, while Dragon charges a fee and requires a bit more time investment on the front-end. 5. Earn Rewards We are all wired to work for rewards, but one of the best things about being the boss is that we control the reward system. When we add a new chapter, for example, we may earn a walk outside or a chat with a friend. But a finished novel may earn us a new piece of art or a weekend getaway. The greater the accomplishment, the greater the reward. And that keeps us coming back to the page. How do you keep your writing goals on track? Share your productivity ideas and let’s keep the conversation going via Facebook or Twitter.

Antibiotic development in the pharmaceutical industry Essay

Antibiotic development in the pharmaceutical industry - Essay Example This can be attributed to the fact that prior to the development of the first antimicrobial agents, "bacteria already had demonstrated an ability to adapt to stress in the environment, resulting in the development of resistance that often makes the prevailing antibiotic treatment ineffective (LAVIN, B.S. 2000, p S32-S35). "Various types of antimicrobial agents, including extracts of plants, fungi, and lichens, were employed for thousands of years in primitive populations without any scientific knowledge of what was being used. Even in the early part of the twentieth century, therapy for infectious diseases was based essentially on patient isolation and chicken soup" (DAVIES, J. 1999. In praise of antibiotics. ASM News: May 9). That is why the breakthrough of antibiotics is oftentimes considered as "one of the wonders of the modern world" (DAVIES, J. 1999. In praise of antibiotics. ASM News: May 9). Thus it has made striking impressions in the field of medicine, microbiology, and the topic at hand, the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry had taken action to the resistance power of bacteria by producing new antibiotics or further experimenting on altered forms of existing agents. Some utilize combinations of these compounds. But the issue still lies: "Why is it that despite growing bacterial resistance to existing drugs, antibiotic development in the pharmaceutical industry continues to decline" The glory days of the antibiotic era has come to a close. Presently, new anti-infective drugs that attack disease-causing organisms are difficult to find. "As drug-resistant microbes continue to take a toll on even the youngest and healthiest members of the community, infectious diseases specialists warn that few new and effective antibiotics are in the works" (LANDERS, S.J. 2006. Incentives urged to spur antibiotic development. AMNews: March 20.). Either many accessible drug genres have worn out or the pharmaceutical technology of various firms has no new agents to dispense to the demanding public. Moreover, the rising regulatory requirements are frustrating. These realities discourage researchers to conduct tests and experiments in furthering the antibiotic production. One point to deliberate in antibiotic development is the financial considerations. Generally speaking, antibiotic production is "financially less attractive" to many pharmaceutical companies compared to other drugs that are in demand in the market. Many firms keep on criticizing the pharmaceutical industry for withdrawing from or dropping its researches on infection control. "The development of new antibiotics is a lengthy and costly process ((LAVIN, B.S. 2000, p. S32-S35) What they do not know is that large pharmaceutical companies have already supplied the necessary antibacterial medicines known to man and only some manufacturers retreated. "Commercial pressure" and anti-infectives as "not highly profitable" are some factors to be pondered as well. Next thing to consider are regulatory issues. "Regulatory agencies require that sponsors adopt the highest standards in all studies" (EDWARDS, J.R. 2005 Where are the New Drugs: July 1). Drug manufacturers have objected on these regulations since they entail "lengthy approval processes" thus preventing "marketing of potentially beneficial drugs." Nevertheless, the production of new

SHORT STORY with the essence of the television series LOST and Essay

SHORT STORY with the essence of the television series LOST and MANIPULATION - Essay Example Caroline was busy admiring the 4-karat diamond on her freshly manicured ring finger when Brett passed her a glass. The couples were heading towards their first vacation on the Voss Islands (the most talked about getaway spot at their club) Connor and Kaleigh, living together for 9 months, were intrigued when newlyweds Brett and Caroline moved into the new mansion next door. They never really had 'friends' within the gated community, just a few acquaintances, tennis partners, business partners, but not actual friends. It took only about a week until Kaleigh met Brett in health center one morning, and a few hours until they four of them were on Connor's terrace having cocktails and cucumber sandwiches. Fast forward through a few galas, banquets and club outings and we find our couples on Connor and Kaleigh's sailboat, heading for the remote Voss Islands. Linus was watching the 12 monitors at his station eagerly as he begged his sponsors off the island for some more funding. Back on the beach, Kate was busy contemplating who she loves more, hero Jack, or bad boy Sawyer. Growing angry, Linus sent one of him men to capture Jack as he headed into the forest. Kate's expression would soon grow graver. Night had fallen on the beach and Linus' henchmen hid behind large bamboo leaves waiting to hear Jack's footsteps draw nearer, waiting for Jack to come within their range. The tension was building and, inexplicably, Jack began to feel slight fear enter his mind "Honey, let's go, pack up your stuff, we're here!" yelled Connor. "Yes, dear," said Kaleigh in a monotone voice. She took off her headphones and closed her portable DVD player. "Wow Kaleigh, you really weren't kidding about this place, it's EXQUISITE! exclaimed Caroline. "Isn't it" said Kaleigh. Brett jumped off first, and reached out for Caroline's hand as she stepped down from the boat in her white sundress and straw hat. "Babe, I love it, it's going to be great," she whispered to Brett. Kaleigh was next. She held Brett's hand as he gazed into her brown eyes. For a moment, Brett felt as if he was drowning in those eyes, entrapped by her gaze. Kaleigh smiled, knowingly, and broke the gaze, freeing Brett. "Connor, I'm going to go show Caroline the spa, won't you check us in and get the keys" asked Kaleigh. "Definitely hun..."Connor said and he and Brett watched their wives walk down the beach. "Is she something, or is she SOMETHING!" said Connor with a smirk of satisfaction on his face. "Yeah she's gorgeous Con," replied Brett. "Oh don't get me wrong Brett, Caroline's a looker too, but there's just

Negetive Effects of Technology Essay Example for Free

Negetive Effects of Technology Essay In this century that we are living, there are many different ways to communicate and interact with the people we need. New developed technologies have made our lives much easier than the old days. Many people prefer to look at a screen and explore new things, do our homework, chat with our close ones, listen to a song, watch a movie, buy new clothes and so on. These are the things that we can do. Moreover, it saves time and money. One of the important decisions we make is to work at home in front of a computer. However, high developed technology has disadvantages like if we look at a screen it is bad for you health, we do not know if it is true and guaranteed for hundred percent. First, when we speak of the impact of technology on society, we always talk about the positive effects of technology and about how technology has made life easy. We talk about the Internet as an information resource and a communication platform and conveniently ignore the fact that an overexposure to it leads to Internet addiction. We often discuss how technology has made life easy but easily forget that it has made us overly dependent on it. see more:is technology making us lazy Have you thought of the impact of technology from this point of view? I am sure, most of you havent. Let us look at this aspect of technology here. People will (and are beginning to) miss out on face-to-face contact and thus their social skills will decline. It is possible that after decades of having no, or extremely limited human contact, that we will loose the ability to read body language. This could cause all sorts of misunderstandings and problems. Secondly, depending on a screen rather than meeting face-to-face is very bad for health. It will make our spine back ill. Sitting for long hours and looking to a screen also makes our eye bad. When i was little i played and watched movies on a computer for long hours because it is was fun. Since then my eye kept getting bad and i had to wear glasses. It really annoys me a lot when i play basketball and to run in the morning. Whats more, four days ago my back hurt because school started and i have been sitting for long hours and been looking at a computer screen Having limited human contact will cause us to have even less trust in others, and in turn, we will be even less friendly and even more stand-offish. Thirdly, for people who do their works by using the internet has also bad sides to the society. We are getting lazy and not going outside for a walk. Our movement gets limited only in our home. Also, it is making the person isolated from the society outside which the he or she is might become lonely just communicating with the computer. My best friends big brother doesnt have any friends to go out with because he spends all of his time on he computer. I think it is a very bad habit for him to get isolated from the real life. Think of the days when there were no computers and no modern means of transport. Human life was highly restricted due to the unavailability of technological applications. Daily life involved a lot of physical activity. Life of the common man was not as luxurious as that of modern times, but he was more active. Exercise was integrated into routine physical activities. It was contrary to the sedentary lifestyle of today, which leaves no time for exercise and fills days with inactivity and laze. Today we dont want to, and thanks to technology, dont even need to, walk, move around or exert physically to get things done. We have the world is at our fingertips. We think of technology as a boon to society. I am afraid; its not completely a boon. The Internet has bred many unethical practices like hacking, spamming and phishing. Internet crime is on the rise. The Internet, being an open platform lacks regulation. There is no regulation on the content displayed on websites. Internet gambling has become an addiction for many students. Overexposure to the Internet has taken its toll. In this virtual world, you can be who you are not, you can be virtually living even after you die. Isnt this weird? Children are spending all their time playing online and less or almost no time playing on the ground. Youngsters are spending most of their time social networking, missing on the joys of real social life. Moreover, we have become excessively dependent on technology. Is so much of dependency good? Is it right to rely on machines to such an extent? Is it right to depend on computers rather than relying on human intellect? Computer technology and robotics are trying to substitute for human intellect. With the fast advancing technology, we have started harnessing artificial intelligence in many fields. Where is the digital divide going to take us? How is our tomorrow going to be? Machines replacing human beings does not portray a rosy picture, does it? It can lead to serious issues like unemployment and crime. An excessive use of machines in every field can result in an nder-utilization of human brains. Over time, we may even lose our intellectual abilities. You know of the declining mathematical abilities in students due to use of calculators since school, dont you? In conclusion, as technology is getting better people are trying to make their work easy and fast. From this we become lazy, weak and ill. It makes our immune system go bad and we have the ability to get the diseases fast. From all the examples above it shows face-to-face contact is still necessary in our lives and society.

Sphere :: essays research papers

Title: SPHERE Author: Michael Crichton Copyright: 1987 Main Characters: Harry, Beth, "Jerry", Norman, Ted, Barnes Setting South Pacific under water 1,00 feet under in a cylinder habitat. My name is Norman Johnson and I am a Psychologist. I am 54 and I am married. I have been called to a crash scene before to administer but this wasn't just any crash scene it would change my life. I was called out by the military to a site in the south pacific. I didn't hear any reports of an airline crashes so I thought it must be military craft. When I got to the site there were military craft everywhere. The helicopter dropped me off on the main ship where I was meet by Captain Barnes the leader of this project. I found out I wasn't the only specialist called out on this project. He also called out a marine biologist and science professionals. I started to think that this wasn't just any airline crash. I knew something was up. Later Barnes called a meeting where I learned that we were all here for reason. Barnes told us that a UFO crashed. I was skeptical at first and didn't believe it. Then bares said we are going to go down and take a look at it, I thought this meant them but a few hours later I was going to the bottom in a submarine. The site is 1,000 feet under water which is shallow compared tot he rest of the pacific. At the site there was a huge grid on lights and a massive metallic fin sticking up out of the grid. It was part of the craft and it looked like nothing I have ever seen. We settled into he habitat it was more comfortable then I though it would be it had showers and beds and everything a house had. The only strange thing was your voice†¦ The air down here had a more helium concentrate so it made your voice funny. To prevent this we use ' Breathers" a device that goes around you throat to normalize your speech. At this depth there is almost no sign on life hardly any plants or fish at all. Barnes called a meeting. We have found a craft, which we believe, is 300 years old and may contain life that's why all of u have been called in. Right now we are looking for the "front door" he said.

Cheating is beneficial for students Essay

Cheating is an easy shortcut in terms of getting homework, tests, assignments and such done in a quick way. Cheating is efficient in a lot of things in life. Cheating should not be a crime for students, especially in high school. This Argumentive Essay is basically going to be focusing on 3 topics on why Cheating is beneficial for students in high school: 1. Why students should be able to share answers and thoughts with other students for homework, tests, assignments, projects, etc. 2. Why teachers shouldn’t be allowed to accuse students of cheating based off of similar answers/thoughts 3. Much less stressful for students in high school that have other important things to do in their life First of all, students should have the right to share answers and thoughts with other classmates to understand why there answer was wrong or why it was right. If they don’t compare answers and understand why one answer is right and one is wrong, they will never learn. Teachers in this generation seem to expect students to do all of their work independently, but little do they know that more than 60% of students cheat while doing homework, tests, projects, etc. If teachers just mark students work wrong or right and don’t tell them why there answer is wrong, or why there answer is right, how you expect them to learn? Teachers assume if two or more students have similar answers/thoughts, they were most likely copying off of each other. It’s very unlikely, but possible to have similar answers/thoughts, so teachers shouldn’t assume and jump to the gun while giving them zero based off of their assumptions. They should find complete proof on how the students were definitely sharing answers with each other. Last but not least, cheating is highly beneficial for students that go through a lot during their teen years. Unfortunately, some teens are more focused on their love life, popularity level, and jobs more than they are on their education. None the less, if that’s there decision to do all of those things instead of getting a education, they should have the right to do so and should cheat to fly through their high school year.

A Critical Appreciation of Wallace Steven’s

The beaker of the poem, a man, is walking down a beach with a friend and hears a woman singing. He muses on how the sounds of the ocean contrast and inspire her voice. He imagines that she is as beautiful as both her song and the ocean. Though he doesn't actually see the woman's face, the speaker knows that she is lovely. As he walks behind her, the speaker notices how her bright, ethereal voice compares to the dark sounding sea. To him it is almost as if the ocean was a spirit whose voice they could not hear, but knew was there. For most of the poem Stevens paints a picture of n ocean that is both enchanting and mysterious at the same time.In turn, the woman's song is made mystical and alluring because of the setting. Though we, the readers, don't see the woman or hear her song, we experience the transformation that the sea, the city, and the speaker go through. In the fourth stanza the tone of the poem turns darker and the speaker begins to notice things other than the woman, her s ong, and the ocean. He claims that it was her voice that made the sky clearer and the ocean belonged to her and her song alone. He and his companion realize hat the only world for her was the â€Å"one she sang and, singing, made. In the seventh stanza we learn the name of the speaker's companion: Ramona Fernando. He (the speaker) asks Ramona why things looked different after the mystery woman finished her song; her song made the city lights brighter and more enchanting than they were before. At this point we realize that the speaker has had an epiphany. Some critics say that the speaker's epiphany was Stevens' way of showing the importance of art. Without it, and in this case without song, we would never be able to see the world Leary. The woman's song opened up the speakers eyes to the light of the world around him, and in turn the poem itself opened up our eyes.The poem focuses on the perception of imagination and reality. In this poem, reality pertains to the totality of all th ings possessing actuality, existence or essence; imagination, on the other hand, captures and interprets reality so an individual is able to create their own meaning of the given world, and escape the facts of existence through their own sense of creativity and ingenuity. At the beginning of the poem the speaker seeks an answer to whether the song exists through an external reality or within his ability to formulate this into something personal.Throughout his walk the speaker never truly determines whether the song is an external reality or within his own imagination, Stevens proposes that the song is neither, since one is not able to exist without the other. Near the end of the poem, the speaker muses upon the woman's song and determines that she is both of song and sea, thus his enjoyment is derived out of a fusion of his imagination interpreting the voice along with an external awareness of his surrounding reality.Above all, Stevens captures and portrays this theme through his un derstanding of the human condition which perceives the inhuman as human. Throughout â€Å"The Idea of Order at Key West† the narrator seemingly attempts to distinguish whether the song he hears is the sea's waves singing to the woman's voice, or if the singer's tune is his imagination's perception of the ocean. To answer this question, Stevens suggest that the narrator must investigate and recognize the difference between imagination and reality.Since the sea is an external nature which causes a meaningless â€Å"constant cry' and cannot be â€Å"formed to mind or voice†, the orator must distinguish the ocean's image and counterpart through the singer. Likewise, her ability to utter the sound of the waves â€Å"word by word† helps to transform the inhuman song of the sea into the entirely human song of the woman. Moreover, as the singer measures and interprets her song; the ocean similarly analyzes and follows the laws of nature.As the speaker begins to perceiv e that the song is more than the sea merely singing through the woman's voice, he begins to feel a sense of ineffability which goes beyond the mere language of the tune and experience of his walk. Thus in stanza went eight he states: â€Å"But it was more than that, more even than her voice, and ours† The narrator begins to accept the mystery behind the songs blissfulness and acquires the tune as the driving spirit of all the external realities in his presence.This realization of the songs ineffability makes â€Å"the sky acutest at its vanishing† (35) and â€Å"measured to the hour at its solitude†. For Stevens, these acts of interpretation are essentially human acts which help people come in touch with themselves and the world around them in order to experience the Joys of being one with both themselves ND nature. Within the final lines of the poem, Stevens' links the title by connecting with and relating to our desire for ordered experiences and sympathizes a mong us since we always try to make the inhuman human.Thus at the ending, the woman's song guides the narrator and helps to clear the vision between the order which humans seek of the natural world: â€Å"O! Blessed rage for order†. Likewise this cognizance opens â€Å"fragrant portals†. The â€Å"fragrant portals† are important because they open a new door to an edifying new self-awareness. Moreover, as narrator begins to apprehend the usage of the woman's song, he realizes that the song allowed him to see order in the world.Additionally, the song produces from within him a desire to create his own song, in order to interact and correspond with the imagination of others Just like woman has done to his. Stevens' understanding of the human condition serves a great purpose in â€Å"The Idea of Order at Key West†. Stevens portrays the narrator's experiences through the reflection of his thoughts. When the voice comes along he begins to change his way of thin king because she helps him understand and become conscious of the illusion of his imagination.Through the language of â€Å"The Idea of Order at Key West† Wallace Stevens expresses his perception of the world. His thoughts and language become his instruments that craft the poem. Through the readers of the poem, Stevens captures and engages them: â€Å"It is the spectator and not life, which art really mirrors† (Oscar Willed) As the spectator mirrors this form of art and interprets meaning into the works allurement, they becoming cultivated and enlightened. As a poet, Wallace Stevens believed that poetry should be similar to a work of art. And like a work of art, Stevens' poetry helps his readers discover order in a chaotic world.

Cyrano le film essays

Cyrano le film essays C'tait une formule trs simple. Ils prenaient l'acteur franà §ais le plus populaire et prenaient la pice de thtre franà §ais la plus clbre, et ils tournaient la meillieure version de Cyrano de Bergerac de toute lhistoire. Dix ans plus tard, personne na fait une production de cette pice, parce que tout le monde connait linterprtation de Grard Dpardieu. C'tait la meilleure interprtation de lanne et le meilleur Cyrano (en francais, il y a des gens qui prfrent Jose Ferrer) qu'on ait jamais vu. Le jeu de Dpardieu tait un grand raison pour le succs du film. Mais, la mise en scne tait parfaite. Tout les scnes, extrieure et intrieure avaient lair de lpoque. Certainement le ralisateur, Jean-Paul Rappeneau, avait lamour veritable pour Cyrano. Il a decid rapporter la pice aux Franà §ais aprs beaucoup dans en anglais. Mais la production tait une proposition extrà ªme. Parce que Cyrano est une pice dpoque, il tait trs difficile faire une scne hisotrique et authentique. Mais toute la film avait l'air depoque de seizime sicle merveilleux. Les costumes taient entirement authentiques avec de grands chapeaux et des plumes. Mais les petites choses taient captivantes aussi. Par exemple, tout les hommes avaient les barbes de cette poque. Les rues taient brique et les vieille maisons fabriquaient en pierre ou bois sans peinture. En dtail seul, Cyrano de Bergerac tait un triomphe. Bien sà »r, le scnario venait de la pice lgendaire. La premiere scne avait Cyrano dans un th ...

Ionic Compound Properties, Explained

Ionic Compound Properties, Explained An ionic bond is formed when there is a large electronegativity difference between the elements participating in the bond. The greater the difference, the stronger the attraction between the positive ion (cation) and negative ion (anion). Properties Shared by Ionic Compounds The properties of ionic compounds relate to how strongly the positive and negative ions attract each other in an  ionic bond. Iconic compounds also exhibit the following properties: They form crystals.Ionic compounds form crystal lattices rather than amorphous solids. Although molecular compounds form crystals, they frequently take other forms plus molecular crystals typically are softer than ionic crystals.  At an atomic level, an ionic crystal is a regular structure, with the cation and anion alternating with each other and forming a three-dimensional structure based largely on the smaller ion evenly filling in the gaps between the larger ion.They have high melting points and high boiling points.High temperatures are required to overcome the attraction between the positive and negative ions in ionic compounds. Therefore, a lot of energy is required to melt ionic compounds or cause them to boil.They have higher enthalpies of fusion and vaporization than molecular compounds.Just as ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points, they usually have enthalpies of fusion and vaporization that can be 10 to 100 times higher than those of most molecular compoun ds. The enthalpy of fusion is the heat required melt a single mole of a solid under constant pressure. The enthalpy of vaporization is the heat required for vaporize one mole of a liquid compound under constant pressure. Theyre hard and brittle.Ionic crystals are hard because the positive and negative ions are strongly attracted to each other and difficult to separate, however, when pressure is applied to an ionic crystal then ions of like charge may be forced closer to each other. The electrostatic repulsion can be enough to split the crystal, which is why ionic solids also are brittle.They conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water.When ionic compounds are dissolved in water the dissociated ions are free to conduct electric charge through the solution. Molten ionic compounds (molten salts) also conduct electricity.Theyre good insulators.Although they conduct in molten form or in aqueous solution, ionic solids do not conduct electricity very well because the ions are bound so tightly to each other. A Common Household Example   A familiar example of an ionic compound is table salt or sodium chloride. Salt has a high melting point of  800 ºC. While a salt crystal is an electric insulator, saline solutions (salt dissolved in water) readily conduct electricity. Molten salt is also a conductor. If you examine salt crystals with a magnifying glass, you can observe the regular cubic structure resulting from the crystal lattice. Salt crystals are hard, yet brittle its easy to crush a crystal. Although dissolved salt has a recognizable flavor, you dont smell solid salt because it has a low vapor pressure.

Past President IN Current Times Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Past President IN Current Times - Essay Example This also brings a problem since that the next generation will suffer since there will be little finance. Thus, management should be worried about the economy. John Kennedy was a democrat, and he was able to balance his power effectively both as a President and a conveyor of public interest. While exercising the power he had as a president, he always thought about the general welfare of the people. Bureaucracies suffer from political influence (Hald-Mortensen ), which becomes a problem especially if there is incompetent leadership. There should be a distinction between administration and the political sector for there to be an assurance of effective bureaucracy run by democracy. President Kennedy was courageous and made hard and competent decisions. He went for a strike on behalf of his country against the titans who had hiked steel prices, until it amounted to a rational price. There is a problem in making decision as to abolish parole in America. The parole authorities should stand firm and be courageous in the decision they will make in future. For a country to prosper, leaders should rule using democracy, be courageous in each decision they make and also be concerned about the universal welfare of the

BUS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUS - Essay Example d direct communication between different ranks within the restaurant hierarchy, the staff was aware of restaurant’s vision, and everyone saw all the achievements and failures of colleagues. Nevertheless, the main weakness of this construct in the reality was that the personality of manager did not fit this role. In my case, these meetings turned to suffering. Every day, we were bored listening how the most experienced waiters discussed their achievements with manager, while the others we blamed for their mistakes. In addition, the vision of restaurant melted in the details our manager noticed. Thus, it is crucial to maintain fragile balance within the quality management not to destroy its effectiveness. This situation showed that quality management is not only about boring daily meetings. On the contrary, it is about the way the leader understands his mission in providing the highest quality services to customers. If he is incapable to comprehend it, quality management does not work

Ultimate Reality and the Nature of a Human Being Essay

Ultimate Reality and the Nature of a Human Being - Essay Example Because of our limited understanding of reality, individuals create a personal perception of the truth of ultimate reality. The understanding of ultimate reality provides explanations of the causes of some phenomena such as living and non-living things in the universe. The explanations of the causes of existence make human beings create the meaning and purpose of life and living. For example, those who see the world from a religious viewpoint attribute the existence of a diverse universe to the works of an infinite Supreme Being. Thus, human beings come up with various attributes of the Supreme Being. Human beings derive the meaning and purpose of life from the perceived attributes of the Supreme Being. For the Christians, the purpose of living is to fulfill God’s creation. According to Goheen and Bartholomew (2008), the Bible is the true story of the world. It teaches that the definitive goal of the world is the establishment of God’s kingdom. Therefore, the Bible should be regarded as God’s message about how is working to resolve the world and all human beings. The practical implication of understanding ultimate reality is the emergence of various views that attempt to provide satisfactory explanations of existence. Each and every person creates their own individual perception of reality. The perceived individual reality helps in shaping the consensus reality of the human nature. Because of the limited powers of reasoning and experience, humans may not understand the entire diverse nature or even provide satisfactory explanations of its existence. It is such limitations of reasoning that make people resort to religion to explain what the basic human reasoning cannot provide. Therefore, what the human reasoning cannot explain is attributed to the Supreme Being. Human beings seek to understand themselves in relation to the ultimate nature. To understand the ultimate nature, an individual needs to understand God, the supreme being. Thus, God is strictly

History About Wifi Technology Information Technology Essay

History About Wifi Technology Information Technology Essay ABSTRACT In many of the industrial sectors, the wireless networking technologies are gaining rapid approval because of its cost effectiveness, improved reliability and flexibility. The increase in the wireless networks is one of the technological advances that are having a major impact on the way we do business [10]. This paper refers how Wi-Fi technology is organized and some of its applications and advantages over customary means. It also explores how Wi-Fi technologies communicate in the spread spectrum and also its configurations. The Wi-Fi refers to the 802.11b wireless Ethernet standard that was designed to support the wireless LANs. The essential enabling technology is the Wi-Fi technology and it is the only practicable infrastructure for the home which allows the user to extend their networks for home entertainment. The most popular user access technology is the Wi-Fi (WLAN/IEEE 802.11) because of its high bandwidth and low cost. Keywords: Wireless Fidelity, Wi-Fi, WLAN, wireless technologies, IEEE 802.11a/b/g, spread spectrum, configurations. Introduction In the recent years only, the wireless technology has grown rapidly which allows the users more reliable, effective and can access the internet without using the wire. Wireless networks are more effectively used in many applications such as home entertainment, offices, radio, military areas and public places. The term wireless does not mean the disturbance or group of switches. Wireless means the communication without the use of wires other than the antenna, the Ethernet, and the ground taking the place of wires [2]. For several industrial operations, wireless technology affords cost-effective and effective connectivity solutions. Using the wireless technology there are many benefits such as remote facilities, processes and field operation which results in improving productivity, downtime, faster and more accurate data collection. The term Wi-Fi technology is also referred as Wireless Fidelity. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE) is the association liable for setting the standards on how the technology and products works, operate and communicate [3]. The 802.11 technology standards, better known as Wi-Fi technology and it is being set up into the Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) equipment and Local Area Network (LAN) access points to quickly connect computer to LANs and as well as internet service providers. The 802.11 standards are growing to supply a higher data rates and better quality of service. Wireless LANs operates on two frequencies such as radio wave and infrared. In the past decades, the wireless access point has come into the market with infrared but in todays world the radio frequencies are used most popularly. The advantage of the radio wave frequency is more penetrate through the walls, floors and doors but whereas the infrared device is on line of sight. Wi-Fi netwo rk connect computer to each other to the internet and to the wired network. 1.2 History of WLAN A WLAN is a local area network without wires and whereas a wired network in which the clients send/receive the data through the cables. The wireless network uses a radio wave frequency. As part of the large family of the spread spectrum systems, the Wi-Fi technology uses single carrier direct-sequence spread spectrum radio technology and multi-carrier OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) radio technology. In 1985, the unlicensed spread spectrum was first approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [5]. In all major countries, these FCC regulations were later copied with enabling some changes in the use of this technology and these regulations were then enabled the growth of Wi-Fi technology according to requirements such as offices, online games and so on. In 1991, the Wi-Fi technology was invented by NCR corporation/ATT (later Lucent and Agere systems) in Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. Initially for the cashier systems, the first wireless product were brought on the market which is marked as WaveLAN with speeds of 1Mbits/s to 2Mbits/s. Vic Hayes, who was the first discoverer of the Wi-Fi and later has been named as Father of Wi-Fi, was involved in designing standards such as 802.11a/b/g. Wireless LANs communicate via the 2.4 GHz or 5GHz band with the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands where cordless phones, instant monitor and other personal device can also operate. According to Mr. Phil Belanger of the Wi-Fi Alliance contradict the most popular conclusion that Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity [5]. 1.3 Benefits of WLAN A new way to communicate with the user is through the WLANs while accommodating the way business is done. The following are the benefits achieved through WLANs: Mobility within building. Flexibility Lower cabling costs To set up temporary spaces, it is easier Productivity gains Reduced errors Improved efficiency Improved performance, efficiency and security for enterprise partners and guests Easier to collaborate Easier adds, moves and changes and lower support and maintenance costs More efficient use of office space. Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Technology The IEEE 802.11 standard was projected for the WLANs. To handle the networking the short way for Wi-Fi is the wireless. Wi-Fi is easy to access and it is very simple to connect to computer anywhere in the office or homes without the use of wires. Using the radio signals the computer connects to the network. In 1997, the first standard (802.11) was released and works in the frequency band at 5GHz with the data rate of 54Mbits/s and uses the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation [4]. The Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is the media access method. The term 802.11.x terms is used to donate the set of amendments to the standard. Within the scope of one building and one room, we can connect to the wireless to the restricted signal range (indoor range is approximately about 1m). skhema Figure 1: Internet connection with wire and without wire (Wi-Fi) At present, the best values of the bit rate have a networks designed accordance with the 802.11n standard that has the typical raw data rate of 540Mbits/s [3]. Wi-Fi network operates in the unlicensed with the 2.4 and 5GHz radio bands, with 11Mbps (802.11b) or 54Mbps (802.11a) data rate or some of the products have dual bands. Wi-Fi network uses radio technologies to transmit and receive the data at high speed. IEEE 802.11 is available in three modes- 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g. IEEE 802.11a/b/g actually describes three different wireless Ethernet standards which are currently implemented in industrial applications as well as commercial applications. These three alternatives are based around the same physical layer of the OSI model and it also defines the bands on what the wireless network is used and also defines the modulation technique. IEEE 802.11 standards include Wi-Fi, W-LAN and Wireless Ethernet. IEEE 802.11a: This standard operation is used in OFDM which operates at a frequency of 5GHz band and thereby allowing the raw transmission data rate up to 54Mbps. It is introduced in 2001. For this band, some of the countries have other uses such as military and air traffic control, so therefore this band is not globally accepted and to be used in the ISM applications. But in some cases, this band can be used inside the building with limited power. In the U.S, the band 5GHz is treated as other 900MHz and 2.4GHz ISM bands. One advantage of the IEEE 802.11a is that it operates with same data rate (54Mbps) as IEEE 802.11g but it escapes sometimes due to crowded with the 2.4GHz channels. Less interference in the 5GHz band appears means the potential for more reliable transmission. The theoretical speed of this standard is 54Mbps but the raw transmission rate of this standard is in between 15-20 Mbps. The range of this standard is 50-75 feet. This is not compatible with 802.11b and it is more expensive . IEEE 802.11b: This standard was implemented in 1999, uses 2.4GHz band with the DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) modulation. The maximum transmission rate of this standard is 11Mbps within 30m range. It is most popular and least expensive. But the actual speed of this standard is 4-6 Mbps. The range of the wireless is 100-150 feet. The subsection of this standard is called Wi-Fi. IEEE 802.11 g: The OFDM technology of 802.11a is adopted in this standard and which is globally accepted with 2.4GHz band. Using the OFDM technique these data rates increased to 54Mbps over the air. It is important that 802.11g is compatible backwards with 802.11b. But this standard is more expensive so prefer to go for the least expensive and better performance which is 802.11b. Components of Wi-Fi: In order to access the Wi-Fi, we require some of the components such as adapters, access point, Wi-Fi antenna, Wi-Fi Bridge, PCI cards that accept wireless PC cards and external USB wireless NICs. The following are the component figures: accecpoint.jpg Figure 2: Access Point Figure 3: Adapters wifi antena.jpg wifi bridge.jpg Figure 4: Wi-Fi Antenna Figure 5: Wi-Fi Bridge Figure 6: PCI cards that accepts wireless PC card Figure 7: External USB wireless NICs How Wi-Fi network works? Wi-Fi network uses the radio waves to communicate each other among devices. The basic concept of the Wi-Fi network is same as the walkie talkies. An access point to the internet connection can be installed through the Wi-Fi hotspot. This access point acts as base station. With this access point, an antenna is physically connected to conventional wired Ethernet network and serves as a bridge to the wireless network. A device encounters the hotspot when the Wi-Fi is enabled and the device can connect to that network wirelessly. Between the client systems, the Wi-Fi can also support communication and allowing the devices to communicate with one another during the peer-to-peer method. A Wi-Fi 802.11b typically can transmit the maximum data rate up to 11Mbps with an approximation range of 150 feet. Beyond that distance, the signal fallback very slow up to 5.5 Mbps, 2Mbps and 1Mbps and this slower speed can move the signals as far as 1500 feet. The actual performance of the network depends upon the signal pattern and the number of obstacles in the area. To indicate the wireless within the area, an access point itself announces through broadcasting, a Service Set Identifier (SSID) approximately 10 times per second. The SSID indicates the name of the network. PCs that are within the range and has equipped with wireless network interface card can receive the SSID, associate with WLAN and request an IP address that will allow them to connect to the local network, surf the internet and view network folders [4]. Wi-Fi Network Topologies Access Point (AP) in the Wi-Fi may vary greatly depending upon their cost but in some of the cases these AP gives selection for roaming where the wireless clients can switch from one AP to another. There are three kinds of network topologies. AP (Access Point)-based topology (Infrastructure Mode) Peer-to-Peer topology (Ad-hoc Mode) Point-to-multipoint bridge topology. AP-Based Topology: Access Point (AP) is the wireless component through which the client can communicate. Access point is the device that contains standard IEEE 802.11 conformant MAC and PHY interface to the wireless medium and provides access to the distribution system for associated stations. Through an AP, BSA-RF (Basic Service access is the area of the radio frequency (RF)) coverage is provided. ESA (Extended Service Access) consists of two or more BSA. In order to allow the roaming, ESA cell consists of 10-15% overlap. The following figure shows the AP-based topology [9]. Figure 8: AP-Based topology Peer-to-Peer Topology: In this topology, the access point is not required. Within the cell, the client devices can communicate directly with one another. This topology is useful in setting up the wireless network very quickly and easily. The following figure shows the peer to peer method. Figure 9: peer-to peer method Point-to-multipoint bridge topology: This type of topology is used in buildings from one to another building apart within the miles. This is required to connect a LAN in one building to a LANs in another building. A clear line of sight is achieved among buildings under these conditions. Based on the type of antenna and wireless bridge used the line-of-sight range varies and as well as in environmental conditions. The following figure shows the point to multipoint bridge topology Figure 10: point-to-multipoint bridge topology Access Point and Wireless Card are the two ways that can use for the networking. Ad-hoc: In this method, the entire wireless cards are used from peer-to-peer network and there is no access point (AP). Infrastructure: All wireless cards connect to the central access point that provides them connectivity with each other as well as wired network [1]. Wi-Fi Configurations A Wi-Fi network is very simple and can be easily set up to the homes and offices that allow the network to share the files, printer and so on. Figure 11: Wireless network set up The public Wi-Fi hot spots are rapidly becoming common in airports, business, hotels, libraries and so on. Wi-Fi Security Security is one of the first disquiet of people deploying a wireless LAN, the 802.11 has addressed the issue through providing what is called WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy). The main concerns of the users are that an intruder would not be able to access the network resources through similar wireless LAN equipment and be able to capture the wireless LAN traffic (eavesdropping). There are two primary components which are required for Wi-Fi network security to be broken down. Authentication Privacy There are two types of authentication is required: first is user authentication and second is server authentication. Authentication means keeping the unauthorized users off from the network. In user authentication server, the username and password is required. This authentication has a risk as well as a solution in sending the data. The risk one is the data is send before the secure channel is established and level to passive eavesdropping by attackers. The solution for this is, before sending the username and password, encrypted channel is established. Secondly in server authentication, the digital certificate is used and within the client software the validation of the digital certificate occurs automatically. Wireless Protected Access (WPA) is a standard based specification, interoperable security enhancement that strongly increase the level of data protection and for existing access control and future wireless LAN systems. Wi-Fi Applications Wi-Fi technology is simple and easy to access the network without the wire. At present, the Wi-Fi is most popular technology that has been used in the market. There are several applications through the Wi-Fi technology. It is used at homes, office, small businesses, large corporations and campuses, health care, wireless ISP (WISP) and travellers. Advantages and Disadvantages of Wi-Fi Advantages of Wi-Fi: It allows the LANs to be set up without cabling and also it reduces the costs and expansion of the network. Wi-Fi network support roaming such that a laptop can move from one access point to another. Wi-Fi is global set of standards. Mobility Ease of installation Reliability and Flexibility Security Use unlicensed part of radio spectrum Disadvantages of Wi-Fi: It can access to limited range. Higher power consumption The most common wireless encryption standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) has been broken even if the correct configuration is set up. Interference Typically, Wi-Fi Access Point is set to default to an open (encryption-free) mode. Conclusion: In the past few years, the Wi-Fi technology is growing very rapidly in the rural development areas. In the rural areas, the technology has been helped the consumers in receiving the high speed internet service. All through urban environment the Wi-Fi hot spots are becoming more popular. When the Wi-Fi technology has brought up to the rural and urban areas the broadband internet access price has been drive down. According to the various industrial applications, the network connectivity for the industrial wireless solution provides that is cost effective and efficient. To ensure the reliability of wireless connectivity and safety of industrial operations, a hazardous area classification is necessary that provides the redundant links radio. Currently, there are several standard-based wireless technologies that are used for the industrial applications for the field sensors networking such as ISA100, WHART and ZigBee. Wi-Fi technology is simple and easy to deploy to the network. The IEEE 802.11 is the standard used for the Wi-Fi hot spots. With appropriate security features, industrial hardware and industrial interface products, Wi-Fi technology has a certain association of commercial technology, based on the 802.11 technology and is becoming a solution for many industrial communications and networking.

Family Day Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Family Day When I was around 6, I had gotten out of church wearing my nice church clothes with a tie, shoes, dressy pants, and a blazer. I was with my mom, dad, brother, and sister, who all had on church clothes too. My sister had the same things my mom had on, a black long skirt with an expensive white shirt. My brother and dad had on the same thing too: black shoes, navy blue pants, black bowtie and white shirt. I was the only one with a blazer on. My siblings and I were really happy we all went to church together, so I guess my dad was happy because of that, but he had a tired look on his face too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After church, my parents decided we should go to the botanical gardens and spend the rest of the day there. My dad had an old Chevy that sounded pretty good; it got us where we needed to go. It had some rust on the edges here and there, but all and all it was a good running car. The inside smelled like pine because my dad washed the car that mourning and he always bought a freshener to make it smell like that. I never knew why he liked that smell because I hated it; it always got me sick in that car, but today I didn’t mind because we were going to have a fun time in the Botanical Gardens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Botanical Gardens had a parking lot in front but you had to pay to get in. My dad was too cheap to pay, so he just parked it outside th...

An inspector calls, drama and tension Essay

An Inspector Calls Essay How does Priestley build the drama and tension in this extract? The extract is from page 47 starting ‘MRS B: I’m sorry she should have come to such a horrible end. But I accept no blame for this at all’ In this extract, JB Priestley builds drama and tension through the use of dramatic irony. Mrs Birling does not realise until the very end of the scene that her own son is responsible for Eva Smith’s pregnancy. However, Sheila and the audience begin to realise this before her. So, when she says things like ‘I blame the young man of the child she was going to have’, we realise that she is unknowingly incriminating herself and her son. This makes it tense and exciting, because we want to see what will happen when she eventually does realise that the person she is being so harsh on is her own son. In this extract, JB Priestley also builds up drama and tension through having Sheila realise the truth of the situation long before her mother. Sheila is constantly interrupting trying to explain to her mother that by blaming the father of the child she is only blaming her own son. For example, she says ‘Mother-stop-stop!’ and ‘But don’t you see-‘ As well as her words, the stage directions show that she is getting increasingly ‘agitated’ and ‘hysterical’ in attempting to warn her mother about what is happening. This is very tense and dramatic because Mr and Mrs Birling misinterpret her words and just assume that she is overexcited; this is consolidated through the use of imperatives, which connotes Sheila’s desperation to be listened to. They assume she is being silly, when in fact she is the closest of all of the Birling family to true insight at this point.

Introduction to Civil Law Essay

Since Roman law there has existed an understanding regarding the structure of the body of legal norms, in that legal relations between actors (so†called legal subjects) can mainly be of two kinds. One involves equality between the players: legal subjects are free to enter into the legal relations of their choice, and they have the power to mutually influence the contents of their relation: their rights and obligations. Eventually this happens when persons enter into legal relations with each other as private parties, within their private capacities. Example I.1 When Janis and Inga decide, that Janis will buy Inga’s watch, they both have the option to decide whether or not Janis will buy and Inga will sell the watch – that is to say, whether to make the contract for the sale of Inga’s watch. The same is true of the question of what the major conditions of the deal should be – price, time and place of performance, supplementing services such as whether or not Inga will provide Janis with extra batteries, etc. All these issues are decided by the parties mutually and either of the two parties can at any time say â€Å"no† to what the other party proposes. The same is true of other kinds of private relations, e.g. whether or not they will want to start dating each other and later on be married to each other. Another, quite different set of cases is one in which this equality between the parties does not exist. In those cases one of the parties is subordinated to the other. One of the parties can compel the othe r to enter into a legal relationship with it and dictate the terms. See more: introduction paragraph example For example, when Janis has to pay taxes to the tax authority of his country, he can not say â€Å"no, I do not want to pay taxes, i.e. I do not want to enter into a tax paying relationship with you†. He cannot alter the terms of the relationship with the tax authorities either: he can not say â€Å"oh, I am willing to pay taxes, but less – or at a later time – than required†. Or, if Janis suddenly were to kill someone and the police were to arrest him, then the prosecution to charge and finally the court to sentence him, he can not tell the police, the prosecutor or the court â€Å"leave me alone, I do not want to enter into a legal relationship with you†. In both examples, the nature of the legal relationships – tax law, criminal law and criminal procedural law – is such that the legal subjects are not free to decide whether or not to enter into a legal relationship (pay taxes, be investigated, charged and sentenced) and to influence its content. It is easy to discover that in these examples the representatives of â€Å"the other side† – the tax authority officer, the policeman, the prosecutor, the judge – did not act in their private capacities like Inga when selling her watch to Janis. They acted in a capacity to represent the interests of the public rather than of the private individual. To the tax authority officer as a private person it is likely not to matter whether Janis pays taxes or not; however, to the public interest of the community (the state) whom he represents, it is important that legal subjects pay their due taxes. The policeman may personally not care if Janis killed someone â€⠀œ perhaps for so long as it was nobody the policeman personally knew – but to the wider society it is of primary importance that killers be caught, brought to justice and punished. Thereby, in all these situations it is a public interest that overwrites the equality and freedom of the other party enjoyed in private relations. It is not difficult to recognize that the public interest that prevails over the autonomy of the private individual is represented by the state. In legal relations where the parties act freely, they act in their own private interests as private individuals or in another word as civilians. Thereby, this area of law is named private law or civil law. In cases where one of the parties lacks this freedom whereas the other has a compelling power to bind the other party, it is usually for the interests of the public. Thereby, this area of law is named public law. Private or civil law covers such cases as company law, where relations are between private individuals who want to associate for a common business purpose and set up a company of their own to pursue a profit†making activity; contract law where equals are making deals between thems elves; family law, where private individuals get together for the purposes of establishing a family through marriage, having children and taking care of and raising their children; copyright law, where one individual creates a piece in the literary, artistic or scientific domain for the use and enjoyment of all others in society, etc. Public law covers such areas as public international law, constitutional law, the law of public administration, criminal law, all procedural laws such as criminal procedure and civil procedure, financial law and tax law, etc. The course Comparative administrative and constitutional law, which students have had by the time they encounter their first private law courses, was a good example of public law fields. Note that the dichotomy of private and public law does not cover the entire legal system, albeit it fairly well covers the overwhelming majority of legal relations. For example the branch of private international law (conflict of laws) deals with situations in which the subjects of the legal relationship are not the state and subordinated legal subjects such as taxpayers, criminal offenders, etc., as in public law, or private persons acting in theoretically equal positions such as in private law, but legal systems between which a choice has to be made because the case is factual ly connected to more than one legal system.